No way other than rebellion or popular uprisings
Institutionalized means invoked occasionally, possibly by elites
Not removed in formal manner but lose influence and are ignored
No formal leadership, loss of power when support diminishes

Frequently act independently and make authoritative decisions
Make relatively few decisions on own without consultation
Use persuasion to help organized and structure group action

Individual(s), perhaps with advice of few advisors
Individual(s), working with an elite council
Individual(s), working with a broad based council
Broad based community council
Few explicit decisions, some made by community at large

Collective decisions impinge on many aspects of peoples lives
Collective decisions impinge on a moderate number of areas
Collective decisions impinge on few aspects of peoples lives
Minimal collective decisions which impinge on peoples lives

Widespread: decision making forums open to all adults and involvement is relatively great
High or some: widespread for some groups, but exclusion of others on the basis of gender, age, or kinship status
Moderate: some consultation present but low input from community
Low or non-existent: Leaders make most decisions and involvement of average person highly limited or absent

Endemic: a reality of daily existence (e.g., physical violence, feuding, bitter factionalism)
High: Conflict present but not a pervasive aspect of daily life
Moderate: Disagreements and differences do not result in high violence or severe disruption
Mild or rare

Endemic: High physical violence, feuding, and/or raiding occur regularly
Moderately High, often involving physical violence
Moderate: Disputes may occur regularly but tendency to manage them in a more or less peaceful manner
Mild or rare

Conflicting parties encouraged to find a solution on their own
Conflicting parties easily draw new parties in but pressures for resolving disputes using informal mechanisms
Authorities often get involved and work to achieve a settlement

Frequent involvement in litigation by society members