Vars. 23- 60 infancy & early childhood Variables 23-32 deal with infancy only, from the first year until the transition to early childhood (see 38-39, 42, 44), usually at 12-18 months.The early and late infancy periods of variables 24-27 refer to the first few months after birth versus the period after crawling begins,usually around 9 months. Variables 33-38 include both infancy and early childhood, the latter usually to the age of 4-5 years. Variables 39-50 deal with the transition to childhood, around 12-18 months.Variables 51-60 provide a comparison of infancy and childhood.
These codes are taken from Climate maps, for weather stations closest to the time and place of each societal focus.
Only the odd numbered societies are coded in this study. Some of the even numbered societies, however, have been coded by undergraduates at U.C. Irvine. Many of these even-numbered societal codes are less reliable than the original codes, and it is advised that a sample of odd-numbered cases be selected for hypothesis testing.
Only the odd numbered societies are coded in this study.
The references used for coding the sample were derived from Barry and Paxson's (1971) research on infancy and childhood.
Percent Importance in Contribution to Subsistence and Trade Computed indirectly from variables 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 1.
Percent Female Contribution to Subsistence Tasks computed indirectly from the variables 108-112 (agriculture), 113-115 (domestic animals), 101, 104, 107 (Fishing), 103, 105, 106 (Hunting), and 99, 100, 102 (Gathering)
Encouragement of sexual behavior, taking into account its frequency, emotional intensity, importance, and variety (including range of partners) in adolescence. Heterosexual intercourse is the principal criterion, but heterosexual foreplay, masturbation, homosexuality, sexual jokes, and exposing the genitals were also considered.
The absence of sexual restraints such as taboos or restrictions on heterosexual intercourse and other erotic behavior, including heterosexual play, masturbation, and homosexuality. A high degree of modesty, such as the requirement to keep the genitals constantly covered in public, indicates moderate restraint. Incest taboos, if highly emphasized or widely extended, are considered as indicators of restraint. Note: Sexual nonrestraint = Sexual expression + 1 more or less. The authors indicate the advisability of using the sum of the two scores as a Sexual Freedom index.
Differentiation of adolescent from preadolescent activities, status, and all other attributes of behavior and self-concept
levels 1-4 FORAGERS: 80% or more dependence on food collection 	 levels 5-6 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS: Pastoralism >33% or Mounted Hunting 	 levels 7-8 SHIFTING CULTIVATION: new field cleared annually, cultivated for a year or two, then allowed to revert to forest 	 levels 9-10 HORTICULTURE: semi-intensive agriculture limited mainly to vegetal gardens or groves of fruit trees rather than field crops 	 levels 11-12 INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE: permanent fields or short fallow and long period of use of fields, with fertilization by compost, animal manure, crop rotation, or other
NOTE: There is sufficient information for an exclusively non-sororal category, see especially Murdock's Africa (1959). Probably also sufficient for sororal preferred but not predominant.
NOTE: sometimes coded 0 for General polygyny although magicians also polygynous - unclear whether higher polygyny level should be required in this instance for this code
NOTE: It is often difficult to distinguish secondary wives taken as slave concubines, or marriage to freed slaves, and wives taken from capture in warfare, as slavery areas often capture slaves
Samples every 4th society in the Standard Sample (1, 5, 9, ...), but societies 9 and 185 have insufficient data to code; 2 added
References cited: Naroll, Raoul. 1966. Does military deterrence deter? Trans-Action 3(2): 14-20. and Otterbein, Keith F. 1970. The Evolution of War: A Cross-cultural study. HRAF Press.
Definitions: Patterson defines slaveholding as permanent dominant violation of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons. This excludes non-hereditary slavery, and thus does not include what Murdock (1967: 166) classifies as incipient slavery. His focus is on slaveholding societies, and excludes societies largely composed of former slaves.
Note: In this dataset, 0's for some information, but insufficient to code are not as yet distinguished from .'s for no information or not coded. For several of the codes [931, 932, 941, 951, 958, 969, 975, 978, 979] the original source should be consulted as these are originally rankings of multiple factors and only the highest ranked item is coded here.
Celebration of birth: The degree of social concern with the birth of a child as indicated by the amount of celebration after the birth and the extent of social participation in it. The codes apply to the largest social class and exclude such particular occasions as the celebratino of multiple births or the birth of an heir to a king. Coded for the first born if there is a difference in treatment for different births. Coded for the desired sex if there is a difference for males and females
Children. This section deals with the ways in which childbearing is socially encouraged or curtailed
Infanticide. This part deals with the approval of and rationale for killing an infant after he is born
III. Sexual Relations and their Social Context. This section deals with sexual relations from two perspectives. The first focuses on intercourse and the restrictions that are placed on it. The second focuses on marriage as the most common context within which intercourse and childbearing occur
Marriage. This part focuses on the establishment, characteristics, and dissolution of marriage, the most prominent form of legitimate sexual relationship and context for the birth of children
Agreement to marry. This deals with the extent to which marriage is a transaction between social groups rather than the couple
Variables 1136 - 1163 - deals with causes listed under Infidelity (III), Infertility (IV), Personality (V), and Economics (VI). Variables 1164 - 1178 deals with causes listed under Conflicts with In-Laws (VII), Ritual (VIII), Absence or Desertion (IX), Health (X), and Politics (XI)
Kin Avoidance defined as reciprocal communicative avoidance: neither one can talk to the other.
Gossip Factor Scales (See Divale and Seda paper with Gossip Codes for rationale). Factor analysis of Gossip variables produced eight factors with gossip variables that had loadings of .50 or higher. Scales were then produced by summing those variables with loadings of .5 or higher on the factor. Thus 1805.1 is a News & General Gossip Scale, which is the sum of the following gossip topics: Gossip about Men, Neighbors, Socializing and News, and Women).
f=SCCS$v872/100 ; m=SCCS$v871/100 ; (1-f)=proportion of married females that are monogamous; (1-m)=proportion of married males that are monogamous;  M=number of married males; F=number of married females; Since the number of monogomous males equals the number of monogamous females: (1-f)*F=(1-m)*M; so F/M=(1-m)/(1-f)
Sources include: (1) Paul Rosenblatt, Patricia Walsh and Douglas Jackson. 1976. Grief and Mourning. HRAF Press. (2) David Levinson. 1985. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. New Haven. HRAF Press. Volumes 1, 3, 5, 7. (3) Gananath Obeyesekere. 2002. Imagining Karma: Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth Gananath Obeyesekere. Berkeley: University of California Press. (4) Antonia Mills, Richard Slobodin (Eds.). 1994. American Indian Rebirth: Reincarnation Belief Among North American Indians and Inuit. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell.
Grids and variable descriptions are downloaded from the Atlas of the Biosphere, a product of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), part of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (http://www.sage.wisc.edu/atlas/). Resolution is 30 arc minutes.
Grids and variable descriptions are downloaded from the Atlas of the Biosphere, a product of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), part of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (http://www.sage.wisc.edu/atlas/). Resolution is 30 arc minutes.
Grids and variable descriptions are downloaded from the Atlas of the Biosphere, a product of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), part of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (http://www.sage.wisc.edu/atlas/). Resolution is 30 arc minutes.
Grids and variable descriptions are downloaded from the Atlas of the Biosphere, a product of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), part of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (http://www.sage.wisc.edu/atlas/). Resolution is 30 arc minutes.
Grids and variable descriptions are downloaded from the Atlas of the Biosphere, a product of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), part of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (http://www.sage.wisc.edu/atlas/). Resolution is 30 arc minutes.