leaders are visible, recognized by all, have followers, and judged on performance
leadership embedded in roles of older persons, based on knowledge and good advice

Performance based leadership
Senior males provide an advisory type of leadership
Formal or informal council of advisors with recognized leader
Instituted leader who presides over a council of near "peers"

Dual stratification into a hereditary aristocracy and a class of ordinary people

Articulated to politically and socially more complex groups
Articulated with groups unlike themselves, but this appears to be done in self-interested way
Mutualistic or patron-client relationship with people who live very different type of lives

Non-hereditary succession to an acknowledged leadership role

Shaman are politically powerful in their own right

Publicly witnessed and conventional ways of resolving issues

Negotiated settlements normally involve public duels

No organized competition
Conflict is continually present on an on-again/off-again basis
Conflict is more common than in (2) and there are unprovoked attacks on intruders
Conflict is common in the region, but it may flare up to major proportions periodically
All properties of (4) and conflict is sustained and results in long term expansion of groups

Generally defensive through avoidance rather than active defense

Substantially mutilated and body parts may be eaten

Prisoners taken, generally women and children

Debt slaves or other non-hereditary slaves

Multi-step series of graded maturational initiations
Differentiated and multiple initiation possibilites for young men

Not germane
Both males and females may observe and participate in the ritual
Females may observe some rites but do not participate
Females may perform important roles in the initiation event
Females excluded from all aspects of initiation rites

Local group or kin-sodality sponsored event with celebration
Seclusion, taboos and constraints on socializing

Relationship between people and forces of nature/supernatural (18-24)
Rituals with focus on the individual (7)