Can Also Be Expressed in a Semi-order or Partial Guttman Scale, as There Are Five Latent Classes or Dominant Scale Types: for P C S, These Are - - - + - - + + - + - + + + +
Roughly Equal to the Categories below for 858. Subsistence Type - Ecological Classification (858 Categories)
(Higher values represent stronger inculcation)
(higher values indicate that approval by people serves as a stronger control of the behavior of children)
(higher values indicate greater social control due  to shaming and exposure to ridicule for misconduct)
(higher values indicate greater social control by  verbal reprimands, nagging, scolding for misbehavior)
(higher values indicate greater social control through threats of punishment by supernatural beings or strangers)
(higher values represent greater social control through whipping and any other pain-inflicting treatment)
(higher values indicate more ceremonies exclusively for the children of this age and sex)
(higher values indicate greater social control by rewards for approved behaviors,  e.g., gifts or conferring of privileges)
One or More Places Where Males Congregate Alone, or Males Occupy a Separate Part of the Household, or There Is Sharp Ceremonial Segregation of the Sexes.
(Composite of 675 and 674, plus Additional Societies) Sanday P244: Masculine-feminine (Reverse) and Inner-outer
Defined as a Centralized Political Unit with Centralized Organs of Political Control, Power to Tax, and Rule Concentrated in a Single Office, Which Is Hereditary : following Stephens 1963
Scaled by Unweighted Sum for Presence or Absence of Four Correlated Indicators : (a) Men Imitate Women, (B) Women Imitate Men, and (C) Exclusive Mother-infant Sleeping, and (3) Exclusive Mother-child Sleeping) . Constructed Arithmetically from Means and Cutting Points.
inaccurate for 27, See 713rev from 1807: Additional 85 Coded) in a Previous Edition of the Codebook Codes 1-3 Were Reversed 3-1 as Were the Frequencies for the Named Categories.
Raising domestic animals, using milk, eggs, etc. -- even if this involves only the raising of draft animals for use in agriculture
Insofar as they contribute to subsistence, defined as supplying the overall needs for food, clothing, and shelter of the community
Include trade conducted to gain needed subsistence items, not simply exchange of ceremonial items; measure of extent to which members of the community depend upon trading in order to acquire items needed for subsistence that they do not produce themselves
Extent to Which Community Control Is Exercised over Different Areas of Life through Collective Decision Making, Which May Be of a Formal or Informal Nature. (Var Label Reversed)
Percentages, Computed from Weighted Sum of Variables: (814x821 + 815x822 + 816x823 + 817x824 + 818x825)/(100-819). This differs from Barry's calculations by at most 1%. Two additional societies are coded with 50% or more trade dependence.
(Var Label Reversed) Otterbein's (1970: 3, 84, 143) definition of internal war excludes feuding: warfare between political communities within the cultural unit, i.e., continguous political communities that are culturally similar. p. 3: Warfare is defined as armed combat between political communities. Armed combat, which is fighting with weapons, is performed by military organizations. When political communities within the same cultural unit engage in warfare, this is considered to be internal war. p. 143: If there is more than one military organization within a political community, and these ... engage in armed combat, this is considered feuding or civil war, depending on the scope of the conflict.
(Var Label Reversed) This has turned out to be a difficult variable to code; information does not exist in most cases. Wheeler l974:270
When I drew up this variable, I neglected to allow for those cases where a leader has an official position -- appointed war chief, hereditary war chief -- and is very aware of the honor and respect of this office but still has no means to force followers to obey. His formality may be hollow if people choose to disregard his direction. Wheeler l974:272
This variable is a failure, but for an interesting reason. With very few exceptions, even including professionally trained ethnographers, observers simply do not state what action brings down an accusation of cowardice. Cowardice is often mentioned, but not what it is seen to be. Wheeler 1974: 273.
(Var Label Reversed) This variable augments variable [903] Wheeler l974:273
(Var Label Reversed) My operationalization of this variable breaks all the methodological rules and consequently is vulnerable to attack... the coder has used his assessment of the material overall.... I think the variable is enormously important, and eventually I hope to build some rigor ... into it. Wheeler l974:274-5.
(Var Label Reversed) This variable complements but does not duplicate, or resolve, variable [906].... Clumsy as this variable may seem, it was quite easy to code, largely due to clear observation by the ethnographer as to the value of war. The evidence may be comments by the observer, texts or poems and songs, or statements by the actors. Wheeler l974: 275
(Var Label Reversed) [Modified from Otterbein 1970 to include population as well as territory]
(Var Label Reversed) The coding of defense was generally difficult because so few authors specifically mentioned it. Following the rule [of coding no mentions as absences], I marked it as absent, I simply do not know where it was truly absent and where the ethnographer assumed that any ninny would know that it [must] exist. Otterbein (1970) also had difficulty coding this attribute because of such an assumption. Therefore, I do not consider my quantitative results on defense to be reliable. Otterbein made one useful distinction that I could not implement satisfactorily. He coded the military expectations in order of importance -- first, second, third. There were too many cases where I could not make such a judgment, even if the data on expectations per se were good. Wheeler l974:270.
Food and Agricultural Organization/Unesco. 1971-78. Soil Maps of the World. Unesco. [adjusted in Some Cases by Information Drawn from the Ethnographies]
Food and Agricultural Organization/Unesco. 1971-78. Soil Maps of the World. Unesco. [qualitative Estimates from Soil Type Discussions]
Papadakis, J. 1966. Climates of the World and their Agricultural Potential. Buenos Aires. [used to determine one of 73 climate types for each society] and Papadakis, J. 1970. Agricultural Potentialities of World Climates. Buenos Aires. [used to classify potentiality of climate type for different types of crops. Crops were divided into five classes: winter cereals, mid-season crops (sugar, beets, potatoes), other summer crops (cotton, peanuts, cassava), tree crops (bananas, coconuts), and summer cereals. For each a numerical climate rating was taken; the ratings for the two most favorable crop classes were averaged. Since some of these climate ratings assumed the presence of irrigation the ratings were adjusted as follows: (a) if rain index is 2 or less, subtract 5; (b) if rain index 3 or 4, subtract 3; (c) if rain index is above 4 but both leading crops require irrigation, subtract 3; (d) if rain index above 4 but one leading crop requires irrigation, subtract 1 ]
World Meteorological Organization. 1971. Climatological Norms (CLINO) for Climate and Climate Ship Stations for the period 1931-1960. Geneva. [corresponding to the weather station closed to the village or society]
Ranked According to the Severity of Physical Modification Involved
Ranked According to the Degree of Segregation of Female from Male Adolescents
Ranked According to the Degree of Spatial Separation between the Spouses during Sleep
Exclusive of Arrangements Operative during Ceremonies or When Guests Are Present. Ranked According to the Degree of Segregation between Males and Females during the Meal.
Arranged According to the Amount of Celebration and the Extent of Participation in It. If There Are Differences According to Class Level, Code According to the Celebrations for the Average Individual
Ranked According to the Degree of Emphasis Placed on Her Ability to Bear Children
Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Woman Is Socially Isolated during Her Menses
Ranked According to How Large a Group Is Thought to Be Endangered by the Woman's Actions. If More than One Category Is Involved, Code the Most Important Danger First, the Second Most Important One, Second
Ranked According to the Degree of Segregation from Social Contacts That Is Involved
Ranked According to the Extensiveness of the Social Harm That May Result from a Woman Not Modifying Her Behavior along the Expected Lines. the Code Should Indicate Which Person (S) the Restrictions Are Most Concerned with Protecting
Ranked According to the Degree of Segregation in or from Her Ordinary Dwelling When the Woman Gives Birth
Ranked According to the Degree That the Restrictions Affect Other People
Ranked According to the Extensiveness of the Group
Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Woman Is Blamed for Her Barrenness
Ranked According to the Severity of the Penalty the Woman Incurs If She Is Barren
Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Responsibility for Contraception Devolves upon the Woman
Ranked According to the Amount of Social Disapproval towards Abortion
Ranked According to the Degree to Which Social Rather than Personal Considerations Lead to the Abortion. If There Is More than One Reason, Indicate the Most Frequent Reason First on the Code Sheet, Second, etc. up to Four Important Reasons.
Ranked According to the Amount of Social Disapproval Incurred If Infanticide Occurs
Ranked According to the Degree to Which Social Rather than Personal Reasons Lead to the Infanticide
Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Occasion for Intercourse Is Tied to a Social Rather than N Individual State or Activity
Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Emphasis Is on Nonkinship Considerations. the Coding Should Indicate the Focus of the Strongest Extension of the Incest Taboo
Ranked According to the Extent of the Consequences of Violating the Incest Taboo
Ranked According to the Degree of Prohibition against Premarital Sex
Ranked According to the Strength of the Prohibition against Extramarital Sex
Ranked According to the Severity of Punishment That a Woman Receives If She Commits Adultery
Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Woman Is Punished
Ranked According to the Degree to Which Responsibility for Punishment of the Woman Resides with the Social Group
Ranked According to the Degree That Nonkinship Considerations Play an Important Role
Ranked According to How Extensive a Group Is Involved in Initiating Marriage
Ranked According to How Extensive the Group Is
Ranked According to the Degree to Which Its Establishment Depends on the Groom. the Code Reflects the Most Important Obligation That Must Be Met before the Marriage Is Considered Final
Ranked According to the Difficulty a Woman Has in Obtaining a Divorce
Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Husband Retains Custody over the Children after a Divorce
Ranked According to How Difficult It Is to Remarry after a Divorce
The Categories Are Ranked in Order of the Degree of Restriction a Woman Faces to Remarry after Her Husband's Death
(including Restriction by Sheer Influx of Colonists or Settlers)
from Standard Sample Pinpointing Sheets; Noted If from Ethnographic Atlas
Percentage of Total Land Used for Major Crops Used in Any given Year (Tree Crops Are Considered to Have No Fallow)
Simultaneous Conjugal Relations with Concubines and Wives Which the Individual at the Head of the Social Hierarchy (or, Where There Is No Hierarchy, the Most Polygynous Man), Enjoys.
Degree of Despotism, or the Extent to Which One Individual, at the Head of the Social Hierarchy, Is Able to Exploit His Position of Strength When a Conflict of Interest Arises, Effecting a Biased Result in His Favor. It Does Not Include Such Asymmetry over Slaves Nor over Members of the Household.
A Measure of the Extent to Which Individuals in the Jurisdictional Hierarchy Exploit Their Positions to Accrue Rewards in the Form of Fines, Bribes, and Confiscations, in Connection with Dispute Resolution.
The original code contained values 1 through 5 and was used in a number of published studies (Ember and Ember 1992b; Ember et al. 1992; Ember and Ember 1994). The code was subsequently revised to values between 1 and 17 by Carol Ember, Melvin Ember, and J. Patrick Gray (Carol Ember, personal communication to Anthon Eff).
If both internal and external warfare were present, and if the coders made a resolved rating for both types of outcomes, we used the higher scale score of Vars 1655 or 1656 for the rating of Var 1657. If there was only one resolved rating (between 1 and 5 on the original scale) and the other rating was 8 ( don't know ), we used the former, but only if that score was in the high categories (3-5); if the former scale was in the low categories (1-2), the case was listed as uncodable in Var 1657. If there was only 1 resolved rating between 1 and 5, and if the other rating was 9 ( not applicable ), we used the former for Var 1657. If the case could not be coded for the above rules, or if the scores for internal and external warfare were 8 or 9, the case was scored as 0. (Codes Not Ordered)
Combined Scale Scores from Vars 1658 and 1659 According to the Rules following This Section: If both internal and external warfare were present, and if the coders made a resolved rating for both types of outcomes, we used the higher scale score of Var 1658 or 1659 for the rating of Var 1660. If there was only one resolved rating (between 1 and 5 on the original scale) and the other rating was 8 ( don't know ), we used the former, but only if that score was in the high categories (3-4); if the former scale was in the low categories (1-2), the case was listed as uncodable in Var 1660. If there was only 1 resolved rating between 1 and 5, and if the other rating was 9 ( not applicable ), we used the former for Var 1660. If the case could not be coded for the above rules, or if the original scores for internal and external warfare were 8 or 9, the case was scored as 0. (Codes Not Ordered)
Interannual Variation, i.e., around the Mean of Means of Yearly Rainfalls for N Years of Observation
Composite Variable including Both Food Shared On-the-spot Where Foraged (Weight of 1/3) and Food Shared-in-camp (Weight of 2/3) .
Market Exchange Appears to Form a Guttman Scale: Little Internal Market Exchange Occurred in the Absence of Considerable External Market Exchange, While the Reverse Did Not Hold.
Composite Variable Running from 0 through 4, Coding the Degree to Which Groups and Persons Claimed Exclusive Rights to Land.
Equally Weighting the Political Leaders Relative Wealth; the Power of the Political Leader (Leader Was Weak and Operated Though Influence, Weak and Worked with a Council, Strong but Worked with a Council, Strong and Ruled Alone) ; the Formal Nature of Political Leadership (Leadership Was Informal, Leader Selected in Semi-formal or Formal Process, or Leadership Inherited) ; and Extent of Power (Strictly Local, over Several Local Groups, or over Tribe) .
The Basic Distinction Is between Societies with and without Permanent Homes.
Potlatch Covers Those Ceremonies in Which Large Quantities of Property Are given Away or Destroyed by the Owner to Demonstrate the Owners Wealth and Thus Prestige.
Unweighted Average Of: Relative Wealth of Local Political Leader, Power of Local Leader, Selection of Political Leader, Extent of Local Political Hierarchy, and Level of Sovereignty-Each Scaled from 0 (Low Centralization) to 4 (High Centralization)
One Point Each for the Presence of Plows, Irrigation, Terracing, and Fertilization. One Point for 15 to 35% Reliance on Animal Husbandry for Food; Two Points for 35 to 65% Reliance; Three Points for 65 to 85% Reliance; and Four Points for 85% or More Reliance. the Total Capital Intensity Was the Sum of These Two Calculations, but Truncated at 4.