Codebook for Murdock-White Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. ============================================================ SOURCE: Murdock, G. P, and D. R White. 1969. Standard Cross-cultural Sample. Ethnology 8 (4): 329-369. ----------------------------------------------------------- ord. SCCS number Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 93.5 min 1 max 186 sd 53.838 socname. SCCS society name Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 First six non-missing records: society socname Nama Nama Hottentot Kung Kung Bushmen Thonga Thonga Lozi Lozi Mbundu Mbundu Suku Suku focus. specific ethnographic focus for each society Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=166 First six non-missing records: society focus Nama GeiKhauan tribe Kung Nyai Nyae region Thonga Ronga subtribe Lozi Ruling Luyana Mbundu Bailundo subtribe Suku Feshi territory lineage center ============================================================ SOURCE: White, Douglas R. 2013. List of SCCS societies and eHraf/Hraf Files. (Summaries and Codes) http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Sccs34b.htm ----------------------------------------------------------- hraf. HRAF code Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=136; Number of unique values=136 First six non-missing records: society hraf Nama FX13 Kung FX10 Thonga FT06 Lozi FQ09 Mbundu FP13 Bemba FQ05 ============================================================ SOURCE: G. P. Murdock and Diana O. Morrow. 1970. Subsistence Economy and Supportive Practices: Cross-Cultural Codes 1. Ethnology 9:302-330. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1. Intercommunity Trade as Food Source Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 7 1 No Trade 51 2 Food Imports absent although trade present 4 3 Salt or Minerals only 81 4 < 10 pct of food (90 pct form local extractive sources) 38 5 < 50 pct of food, and less than any single local source 2 7 > 50 pct of food 3 NA NA v2. Food Import Acquisition Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=124; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 49 1 Direct individual exchanges 10 2 Indirect individual exchanges 28 3 Local markets 34 4 Middlemen 3 5 Three or four of above 62 NA NA v3. Agriculture- Contribution to Local Food Supply Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 35 1 None 3 2 Non-food Crops 17 3 < 10 pct 12 4 < 50 pct , and less than any other single source, incl. trade 42 5 < 50 pct , and more than any other single source, incl. trade 77 6 Primarily agricultural v4. Crops- Principal Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=150; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 2 1 Non-food 14 3 Tree or Vine 38 4 Roots 96 5 Cereals 36 NA NA v5. Animal Husbandry- Contribution to Food Supply Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 8 1 None 41 2 Present, not food source 67 3 < 10 pct food supply 33 4 < 50 pct - chiefly meat 21 5 < 50 pct - chiefly dairy 16 7 > 50 pct v6. Animals- Domesticated Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=178; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 54 1 Small Species, e.g. Bees, Cats, Dogs, Fowl 34 2 Pigs 23 3 Ovides 14 4 Equines 3 5 Reindeer 4 6 Camels 46 7 Bovines 8 NA NA v7. Fishing- Contribution to Food Supply Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 27 1 None 79 2 < 10 pct food supply 55 3 < 50 pct , and less than any other single source, incl. trade 10 4 < 50 pct , and more than any other single source, incl. trade 13 5 > 50 pct 2 NA NA v8. Fish Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 6 1 Shellfish 122 2 True fish 1 3 Large aquatic animals 28 4 Two or more of above 29 NA NA v9. Hunting- Contribution to Food Supply Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 18 1 None 2 2 Not food source 86 3 < 10 pct food supply 61 4 < 50 pct , and less than any other single source, incl. trade 8 5 < 50 pct , and more than any other single source, incl. trade 7 6 > 50 pct 4 NA NA v10. Animals Hunted Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 18 1 Birds or Waterfowl 35 2 Small Mammals 65 3 Large Game 45 4 Two or more of above 23 NA NA v11. Gathering- Contribution to Food Supply Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 15 1 None 117 2 < 10 pct food supply 40 3 < 50 pct , and less than any other single source, incl. trade 7 4 < 50 pct , and more than any other single source, incl. trade 3 5 > 50 pct 4 NA NA v12. Gathered Foods Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=165; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 18 1 Wild Animal products 15 2 Wild Herbs, Leaves, Blossoms 7 3 Tree Pith, e.g., Sago 11 4 Wild Roots or Tubers 54 5 Wild Fruit, seeds, nuts, berries 60 6 Two or more of the above 21 NA NA v13. Land Transport (Especially regarding Food Transport) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 108 1 Human Carriers, incl. tumpline 41 2 Pack Animals 13 3 Draft Animals (sleds, travois) 12 4 Animal Drawn Wheeled vehicles 11 5 Motorized vehicles 1 NA NA v14. Routes of Land Transport Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=181; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 124 1 Unimproved Trails 26 2 Improved Trails, for porters or animal carriers 22 3 Unpaved Roads, for wheeled vehicles 9 4 Paved Roads 5 NA NA v15. Water Transport Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=181; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 20 1 None, but feasible 56 2 Not feasible 10 3 Floats or rafts 73 4 Human powered craft 20 5 Sail powered craft 2 6 Motorized craft 5 NA NA v16. Water Craft Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=171; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 76 0 None 50 1 Small, for <10 people or load equivalent 31 2 Medium, for >10 people or load equivalent 14 3 Large, for >40 people or load equivalent 15 NA NA v17. Money (Media of Exchange) and Credit Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 77 1 No media of exchange or money 12 2 Domestically usable articles as media of exchange 26 3 Tokens of conventional value as media of exchange 42 4 Foreign coinage or paper currency 26 5 Indigenous coinage or paper currency 3 NA NA v18. Credit Source Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=169; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 113 1 Personal loans between friends or relatives 26 2 Internal money lending specialists 23 3 External money lending specialists 7 4 Banks or comparable institutions 17 NA NA v19. Preservation and Storage of Food Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=12 Freq Value Description 31 1 Year-round food supply, none 29 2 Year-round food supply, simple 14 3 Year-round food supply, complex 8 4 Daily variation, none 2 5 Daily variation, simple 24 7 Seasonal variation, barely adequate 46 8 Seasonal variation, adequate (8) 16 9 Seasonal variation, adequate (9) 6 10 Annual variation, barely adequate 5 11 Annual variation, adequate (11) 3 12 Annual variation, adequate (12) 2 13 Imported food, barely adequate v20. Food Storage Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 36 1 None 129 2 Individual households 7 3 Communal facilities 3 4 Political agent controlled repositories 7 5 Economic agent controlled repositories 4 NA NA v21. Food Surplus via Storage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 69 1 None or barely adequate 84 2 Simple or adequate 33 3 Complex or More than adequate v22. Food Supply (Ecological or Distribution Network) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 74 1 Year-round food supply locally 10 2 Daily variation in food supply 86 3 Seasonal variation 14 4 Annual variation 2 5 Imported food supply ============================================================ SOURCE: Herbert Barry III and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. Infancy and Early Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 2. Ethnology 10:466-508. ----------------------------------------------------------- Vars. 23- 60 infancy & early childhood Variables 23-32 deal with infancy only, from the first year until the transition to early childhood (see 38-39, 42, 44), usually at 12-18 months.The early and late infancy periods of variables 24-27 refer to the first few months after birth versus the period after crawling begins,usually around 9 months. Variables 33-38 include both infancy and early childhood, the latter usually to the age of 4-5 years. Variables 39-50 deal with the transition to childhood, around 12-18 months.Variables 51-60 provide a comparison of infancy and childhood. v23. Sleeping Proximity of Parents to Infant Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=173; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 12 2 Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different room 30 4 Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different bed 55 5 Mo, Fa same room as infant, beds not specified 24 6 Mo same bed as infant, Fa different room 5 7 Mo same bed as infant, Fa not specified 24 8 Mo same bed as infant, Fa same room 23 9 Mo and Fa in same bed as infant 13 NA NA v24. Bodily Restrictiveness - Early Infancy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=131; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 42 1 None except in emergency 1 2 Loose confinement - Tether or playpen 21 3 Limited space - Bed or hammock 41 4 Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets 26 5 Often Bound - Cradle Board 55 NA NA v25. Bodily Restrictiveness - Later Infancy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=123; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 61 1 None except in emergency 8 2 Loose confinement - Tether or playpen 14 3 Limited space - Bed or hammock 23 4 Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets 17 5 Often Bound - Cradle Board 63 NA NA v26. Bodily Contact - Early Infancy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=121; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 3 1 Limited to routine and precautionary care 16 2 Occasionally 33 3 Up to 1/2 time 49 4 > 1/2 time 20 5 Almost Constantly 65 NA NA v27. Bodily Contact - Late Infancy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=117; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 3 1 Limited to routine and precautionary care 15 2 Occasionally 41 3 Up to 1/2 time 43 4 > 1/2 time 15 5 Almost Constantly 69 NA NA v28. Infant Carrying Devices Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 22 1 None, skin contact 22 2 None, clothing or blanket 75 3 Sling or Pouch 9 4 Basket 28 5 Rigid Cradleboard 30 NA NA v29. Infant Carrying Position Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 91 1 Back 54 2 Side 10 3 Front 1 4 Other 30 NA NA v30. Infant Eye Contact with Carrier Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=142; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 26 1 Away from carrier 116 2 Toward carrier 44 NA NA v31. Infant Crying- Response Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=103; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 3 1 Indifferent or punitive 3 2 Slow or perfunctory, nurturant 19 3 Speedy but inconsistently nurturant 67 4 Generally speedy, nurturant 11 5 Always speedy, nurturant 83 NA NA v32. Infant Crying- Amount Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 16 1 Very Infrequent and brief 10 2 Infrequent and short 9 3 Infrequent and prolonged 11 4 Frequent and short 1 5 Frequent and prolonged 139 NA NA v33. Childhood Pain Infliction Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=148; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 17 1 Absent 37 2 Only neonatally or very mild pain 63 3 Occasional mild pain 25 4 Frequent mild pain or infrequent severe pain 6 5 Frequent pain 38 NA NA v34. Post - Partum Sex Taboo Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=134; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 2 1 Intercourse expected soon after birth 7 2 None 29 3 1 month or less 42 4 6 months or less 12 5 1 year or less 20 6 2 years or less 22 7 > 2 years 52 NA NA v35. Ceremonialism Surrounding Child, beyond Nuclear Family Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 20 1 None 73 2 Only within first 2 months 56 3 One occasion at later age 20 4 Two or more ceremonies 10 5 Prominent 7 NA NA v36. Magical Protectiveness Applied to Parents and Child Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=178; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 8 1 None 22 2 Only neonatal period, e.g., couvade 76 3 Slight, neonatally and later 66 4 Moderate, neonatally and later 6 5 Exaggerated, neonatally and later 8 NA NA v37. Physical Protectiveness against Childhood Illness Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=166; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 No special effort 43 2 Slight 79 3 Moderate, e.g., regular baths 39 4 Some exceptional techniques, e.g., medicines, ointments, diapers 4 5 Variety of exceptional techniques 20 NA NA v38. Introduction of New Foods (Other than Milk) in Childhood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 33 1 Before 1 month 27 2 1-6 months 11 3 7-12 months, including solids 6 4 7-12 months, only liquids or premasticated 14 5 After 12 months 95 NA NA v39. Weaning- Age and Severity Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 103 1 > 2 years and gentle 27 2 > 2 years and severe 17 3 > 1 year and gentle 5 4 > 1 year and severe 3 5 > 6 months and gentle 1 6 > 6 months and severe 1 7 < 6 months and gentle 29 NA NA v40. Motor Skills- Encouragement in Childhood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 1 Discourage or punish early development 2 2 Ignore development 22 3 No active assistance, but attention given 42 4 Definite but inconsistent rewards 9 5 Strong Encouragement and assistance 109 NA NA v41. Autonomy- Encouragement in Childhood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=105; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 25 1 > 4 years and gradual 3 2 > 4 years and abrupt 54 3 2-4 years and gradual 23 4 2-4 years and abrupt, or < 2 years and gradual 81 NA NA v42. Elimination- Encouragement of Control in Childhood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=65; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 0 None 7 1 3-5 years 27 2 > 18 months 9 3 > 1 year 7 4 > 6 months 13 5 < 6 month 121 NA NA v43. Covering Genitals- Age Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=147; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 11 0 Even adults uncovered 85 1 Very late 14 2 Late 2 3 > 1 year 1 4 < 6 months 34 5 After birth 39 NA NA v44. Weaning- Age of Onset Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 19 1 up to 12 months 12 2 13 - 20 months 67 3 21 - 24 6 4 25 - 30 36 5 31 - 36 9 6 37 - 42 7 7 43 - 48 30 NA NA v45. Weaning- Age of Termination Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 7 1 up to 12 months 5 2 13 - 20 38 3 21 - 24 8 4 25 - 30 64 5 31 - 36 16 6 37 - 42 14 7 43 - 48 4 8 49 - 60 30 NA NA v46. Weaning- Childhood Developmental Order of Onset Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=159; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 7 1 1st in onset (among variables 46-50) 80 2 2nd 57 3 3rd 15 4 4th 27 NA NA v47. Motor Skills- Childhood Developmental Order Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=176; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 121 1 1st 46 2 2nd 7 3 3rd 2 4 4th 10 NA NA v48. Autonomy- Childhood Developmental Order Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=106; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 18 2 2nd 46 3 3rd 33 4 4th 9 5 5th 80 NA NA v49. Elimination Control- Childhood Developmental Order Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=64; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 17 1 1st 31 2 2nd 10 3 3rd 5 4 4th 1 5 5th 122 NA NA v50. Covering Genitals- Childhood Developmental Order Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=150; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 32 1 1st 9 2 2nd 34 3 3rd 45 4 4th 30 5 5th 36 NA NA v51. Non-maternal Relationships, Infancy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 5 1 Almost Exclusively Mother 81 2 Principally Mother, others minor roles 63 3 Principally Mother, others important roles 10 4 Mother < 1/2 care 2 5 Mother minor but significant 1 6 Mother minimal except for nursing 24 NA NA v52. Non-maternal Relationships, Early Childhood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=136; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 36 2 Principally Mother, others important roles 60 3 Mother < 1/2 care 38 4 Primarily others 2 5 Exclusively others 50 NA NA v53. Role of Father, Infancy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=154; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 8 1 Distant 27 2 Rarely close 72 3 Occasionally close 44 4 Frequently close 3 5 Regularly close 32 NA NA v54. Role of Father, Early Childhood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=150; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 4 1 Distant 18 2 Rarely Close 46 3 Occasionally Close 73 4 Frequently Close 9 5 Regularly Close 36 NA NA v55. Principal Relationships, Infancy Caretakers and Companions Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=138; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 31 1 Children, Females 4 2 Children, unspecified 11 3 Children, both sexes 60 4 Adult Family, Females 14 6 Adult Family, both sexe 17 7 Others, Female 1 9 Others, both sexes 48 NA NA v56. Principal Relationships, Early Childhood Caretakers and Companions Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=141; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 10 1 Peer Group, single sex 1 2 Peer Group, unspecified 43 3 Peer Group, both sexes 22 4 Older Children, single sex 8 5 Older Children, unspecified 22 6 Older Children, both sexes 14 7 Adults, single sex 21 9 Adults, both sexes 45 NA NA v57. General Indulgence, Infancy (Taking 51 and 52 into Account) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=119; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Severe or neglectful 8 2 Lesser severity 19 3 Occasional indulgence 80 4 Greater 11 5 Highly affectionate 67 NA NA v58. General Indulgence, Infancy- Modifiers of General Scale Types Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=119; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 36 1 Low in category 34 2 Medium in category 49 3 High in category 67 NA NA v59. General Indulgence, Early Childhood (Taking 51 and 52 into Account) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=132; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 1 Severe 24 2 Less Severity 32 3 Occasional Severity 64 4 Greater Leniency 10 5 Consistently Lenient 54 NA NA v60. General Indulgence, Early Childhood- Modifiers of General Scale Types Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=132; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 43 1 Low in Category 44 2 Medium in Category 45 3 High in Category 54 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: George P. Murdock and Suzanne F. Wilson. 1972. Settlement Patterns and Community Organization: Cross Cultural Codes 3. Ethnology 11:254-295. ----------------------------------------------------------- v61. Fixity of Settlement Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 28 1 Migratory 21 2 Seminomadic- fixed then migratory 6 3 Rotating among 2+ fixed 14 4 Semisedentary- fixed core, some migratory 15 5 Impermanent- periodically moved 102 6 Permanent v62. Compactness of Settlement Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 44 1 Compact 20 2 Dispersed 18 3 Spatially separated subsettlements 104 4 Partially dispersed with central core v63. Community Size Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 28 1 < 50 28 2 50-99 45 3 100-199 32 4 200-399 29 5 400-999 15 6 1,000-4,999 5 7 5,000-49,999 3 8 > 50,000 1 NA NA v64. Population Density (from Murdock and Wilson Data) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 36 1 < 1 person per 5 sq. mile 22 2 1 person per 1-5 sq. mile 25 3 1-5 persons per sq. mile 27 4 1-25 persons per sq. mile 34 5 26-100 persons per sq. mile 21 6 101-500 persons per sq. mile 19 7 over 500 persons per sq. mile 2 NA NA v65. Types of Dwelling Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=14 Freq Value Description 13 1 Conical 2 2 Beehive 11 3 Dome or hemispherical 5 4 Wedge-shape roof 6 5 Semicylindrical 24 6 Cone-cylinder 49 7 Rectangular on ground, vegetal material walls 18 8 Rectangular on piles 17 9 Rectangular on ground, mineral material walls 12 10 Flat roofs 9 11 Caves or rock shelters 9 12 Tents 8 13 Semisubterranean 3 14 Miscellaneous v66. Large or Impressive Structures Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 96 1 None 24 2 Residences of influential individuals 31 3 Secular or public building(s) 27 4 Religious or ceremonial building(s) 4 5 Military structure(s) 4 6 Economic or industrial building(s) v67. Household Form Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 6 1 Large communal structures 4 2 Multi-family dwellings 87 3 Single family dwellings 37 4 Family homestead 24 5 Multi-dwelling households, each with married pair 9 6 Multi-dwelling households, husband rotates among wives 3 7 Mother-child households, husbands separate 16 8 Multi-dwelling households, each dwelling occupied by individual married man or woman v68. Form of Family (See 79, 80) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=12 Freq Value Description 7 1 Monogamous, no polygyny 42 2 Monogamous, < 20 pct polygyny 26 3 Polygynous, > 20 pct 2 4 Polyandrous 9 5 Stem family, monogamy 7 6 Stem family, < 20 pct polygyny 10 7 Small extended, monogamy 30 8 Small extended, < 20 pct polygyny 19 9 Small extended, > 20 pct polygyny 5 10 Large extended, monogamy 17 11 Large extended, < 20 pct polygyny 12 12 Large extended, > 20 pct polygyny v69. Marital Residence Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 38 1 Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wifes kin 8 2 Avunculocal - with husbands mothers brothers kin 118 3 Patrilocal or virilocal - with husbands kin 12 4 Ambilocal - with either wifes or husbands kin 9 5 Neolocal - separate from kin 1 NA NA v70. Descent - Membership in Corporate Kinship Groups Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 26 1 Matrilineal - through female line 10 2 Double descent - separate groups through male and female lines 75 3 Patrilineal - through male line 6 4 Ambilineal - through one parent in each generation 69 5 Bilateral - not a corporate kin group v71. Descent Groups, Location of Core Gender Group Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 69 0 None - Bilateral 22 1 Localized lineages - in community, more than one per community 6 2 Clan communities - core group and spouses constitute community 89 3 Dispersed sibs - core group dispersed in different communities v72. Intercommunity Marriage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 11 1 Local endogamy 90-100 pct 50 2 Local endogamy 61-89 pct (agamous) 51 3 Local endogamy 40-60 pct (agamous) 38 4 Local endogamy 11-39 pct (agamous) 35 5 Local endogamy 0-10 pct (exogamy) 1 NA NA v73. Community Integration Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 6 1 Lacking or low compared to community segments or larger polity 26 2 By common residence only 16 3 Common Identity, dialect, subculture 78 4 Overlapping Kin ties 8 5 Common social or economic status 20 6 Common political ties 32 7 Common religious ties v74. Prominent Community Ceremonials Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 67 1 Rites of passage 69 2 Calendrical 36 3 Magical or religious 14 4 Individual sponsored and communally attended (e.g., potlatch) v75. Ceremonial Elements Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 54 1 Feasting and/or drinking 10 2 Exchanges other than food 51 3 Entertainment 57 4 Sacrifice other than human 13 5 Human sacrifice 1 6 Masochistic behavior v76. Community Leadership Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 13 1 No centralized local leadership 4 2 Higher level only 53 3 Single local leader 8 4 Dual/plural headmen 72 5 Single local leader and council 15 6 Local councils 11 7 Single local leader and subordinates 10 8 Too complex to be coded v77. Local Political Succession, Primary Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 17 1 No headman or council 11 2 By appointment 10 3 Seniority 2 4 Divination 37 5 Informal consensus 22 6 Electoral process 60 7 Patrilineal 14 8 Matrilineal 10 9 Hereditary with personal qualifications 3 NA NA v78. Local Political Succession, Secondary Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 123 0 No auxiliary qualification 33 3 Seniority 22 5 Informal consensus 3 6 Electoral process 2 7 Patrilineal 3 NA NA v79. Polygamy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 2 1 Polyandry - primarily monogamous with some plural husbands 31 2 Monogamy 96 3 Polygyny < 20 pct plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry) 57 4 Polygyny > 20 pct plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry) v80. Family Size Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 7 1 Nuclear Monogamous 70 2 Nuclear Polygynous 16 3 Stem Family 59 4 Small extended 34 5 Large extended ============================================================ SOURCE: Arthur Tuden and Catherine Marshall. 1972. Political Organization: Cross-Cultural Codes 4. Ethnology 11:436-464. ----------------------------------------------------------- v81. Political Autonomy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 16 1 Dependent totally 41 2 Semi-autonomous 4 3 Tribute paid 78 4 De facto autonomy 16 5 Equal status in pluralistic society 29 6 Fully autonomous 2 NA NA v82. Trend in Autonomy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 54 1 Declining autonomy 43 2 Declining territory or population control 49 3 State of equilibrium 22 4 State of equilibrium, expanding territory 16 5 Increasing autonomy 2 NA NA v83. Levels of Sovereignty Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 98 1 Stateless society 31 2 Sovereignty 1st hierarchical level up 14 3 Sovereignty 2nd hierarchical level up 41 4 Sovereignty 3rd or higher hierarchical level 2 NA NA v84. Higher Political Organization Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 85 1 Absent 28 2 Peace group 46 3 Alliances 7 4 Confederation 17 5 International organization 3 NA NA v85. Executive Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 98 1 Absent 7 2 Council 22 3 Executive and Council 2 4 Plural executive 54 5 Single leader 3 NA NA v86. Selection of Executive Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=12 Freq Value Description 98 1 Absent 21 2 Patrilineal, Fa to So 3 3 Patrilineal, Fa to FaBr, then to So 5 4 Matrilineal, MoBr to SiSo 1 5 Matrilineal, MoBr to MoBr 24 6 Ruling family 1 7 Decision by limited power group 12 8 Elected by council 2 9 Informal recognition 6 10 Formal elections 5 11 Appointee of alien society 1 12 Divination 7 NA NA v87. Deliberative and Consultative Bodies Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=181; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 154 1 Absent 5 2 Aristocrats 5 3 Appointed 9 4 By ethnic components 8 5 Elective 5 NA NA v88. Advisory Bodies Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=181; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 98 1 Absence of sovereignty 28 2 Absent 13 3 Relatives of executive 2 4 Favorites of executive 14 6 Subordinate groups 3 7 Hereditary 23 8 Subordinate functionaries 5 NA NA v89. Judiciary Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 103 1 Absent 6 2 Not local 49 3 Executive 23 4 Appointed by executive 1 5 Priesthood 1 6 Hereditary 3 NA NA v90. Police Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 124 1 Not specialized 4 2 Incipient specialization 4 3 Retainers of chiefs 6 4 Military 42 5 Specialized 6 NA NA v91. Administrative Hierarchy Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 98 1 Absent 7 2 Popular Assemblies 8 3 Heads of kin groups 38 4 Heads of decentralized territorial divisions 31 5 Heads of centralized territorial divisions 1 6 Part of centralized system 3 NA NA v92. Selection of Subordinate Officials Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=177; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 98 1 Absent 16 2 Patrilineal succession 2 3 Matrilineal succession 12 4 Ruling lineage 2 5 Seniority of age 4 6 Personal qualities 10 7 Formal election 33 8 Appointment by executive 9 NA NA v93. Political Power- Most Important Source Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 90 1 Direct subsistence production 11 2 Warfare wealth 3 3 Tribute or taxes 13 4 Slaves 20 5 Contributions of free citizens 12 6 Large land-holdings 14 7 Political office 6 8 Foreign Commerce 11 9 Capitalistic enterprises 3 10 Priestly services 3 NA NA v94. Political Power- Second Most Important Source Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 111 0 No other source 5 2 Warfare wealth 4 3 Tribute or taxes 12 4 Slaves 7 5 Contributions of free citizens 5 6 Large land-holdings 8 7 Political office 19 8 Foreign Commerce 6 9 Capitalistic enterprises 6 10 Priestly services 3 NA NA v95. Political Power- Third Most Important Source Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 142 0 No other source 6 2 Warfare wealth 1 3 Tribute or taxes 4 4 Slaves 1 6 Large land-holdings 14 7 Political office 9 8 Foreign Commerce 4 9 Capitalistic enterprises 2 10 Priestly services 3 NA NA v96. Political Power- Fourth Most Important Source Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 167 0 No other source 3 2 Warfare wealth 1 3 Tribute or taxes 1 4 Slaves 2 5 Contributions of free citizens 6 7 Political office 2 8 Foreign Commerce 1 9 Capitalistic enterprises 3 NA NA v97. Political Power- Fifth Most Important Source Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 178 0 No other source 2 4 Slaves 1 7 Political office 1 8 Foreign Commerce 1 10 Priestly services 3 NA NA v98. Political Power- Sixth Most Important Source Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 181 0 No other source 1 3 Tribute or taxes 1 8 Foreign Commerce 3 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: George P. Murdock and Caterina Provost. 1973. Factors in the Division of Labor by Sex: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. Ethnology 12: 203-225. ----------------------------------------------------------- v99. Food Collection: Vegetal (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 34 -1 Task Present, sex ? 10 0 Task absent 6 1 Males exclusively 4 2 Males predominant 18 3 Equally 42 4 Females predominant 65 5 Females exclusively 7 NA NA v100. Food Collection: Insects, and/or Small Land Fauna (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=133; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 48 -1 Task Present, sex ? 18 0 Task absent 27 1 Males exclusively 3 2 Males predominant 9 3 Equally 13 4 Females predominant 15 5 Females exclusively 53 NA NA v101. Food Collection: Shellfish/Small Aquatic Fauna (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 22 -1 Task Present, sex ? 85 0 Task absent 11 1 Males exclusively 4 2 Males predominant 1 3 Equally 12 4 Females predominant 27 5 Females exclusively 24 NA NA v102. Food Collection: Honey (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=106; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 20 -1 Task Present, sex ? 38 0 Task absent 39 1 Males exclusively 5 2 Males predominant 2 3 Equally 2 5 Females exclusively 80 NA NA v103. Food Collection: Fowling (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 -1 Task Present, sex ? 16 0 Task absent 131 1 Males exclusively 5 2 Males predominant 3 3 Equally 29 NA NA v104. Food Collection: Fishing (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 10 -1 Task Present, sex ? 29 0 Task absent 83 1 Males exclusively 45 2 Males predominant 8 3 Equally 5 4 Females predominant 2 5 Females exclusively 4 NA NA v105. Food Collection: Trapping (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=171; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 -1 Task Present, sex ? 20 0 Task absent 136 1 Males exclusively 12 2 Males predominant 1 3 Equally 1 4 Females predominant 15 NA NA v106. Food Collection: Large Land Fauna (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 36 0 Task absent 139 1 Males exclusively 5 2 Males predominant 6 NA NA v107. Food Collection: Large Aquatic Fauna (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=177; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 -1 Task Present, sex ? 127 0 Task absent 48 1 Males exclusively 9 NA NA v108. Food Production: Land Clearance (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 1 -1 Task Present, sex ? 44 0 Task absent 95 1 Males exclusively 34 2 Males predominant 6 3 Equally 3 4 Females predominant 1 5 Females exclusively 2 NA NA v109. Food Production: Soil Preparation (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 1 -1 Task Present, sex ? 49 0 Task absent 66 1 Males exclusively 27 2 Males predominant 14 3 Equally 17 4 Females predominant 10 5 Females exclusively 2 NA NA v110. Food Production: Planting (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 44 0 Task absent 27 1 Males exclusively 35 2 Males predominant 33 3 Equally 26 4 Females predominant 20 5 Females exclusively 1 NA NA v111. Food Production: Crop Tending (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 3 -1 Task Present, sex ? 48 0 Task absent 22 1 Males exclusively 23 2 Males predominant 24 3 Equally 30 4 Females predominant 32 5 Females exclusively 4 NA NA v112. Food Production: Harvesting (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 44 0 Task absent 10 1 Males exclusively 37 2 Males predominant 34 3 Equally 34 4 Females predominant 26 5 Females exclusively 1 NA NA v113. Food Production: Small Domestic Animals (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 70 -1 Task Present, sex ? 13 0 Task absent 19 1 Males exclusively 8 2 Males predominant 14 3 Equally 12 4 Females predominant 44 5 Females exclusively 6 NA NA v114. Food Production: Large Domestic Animals (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 10 -1 Task Present, sex ? 76 0 Task absent 54 1 Males exclusively 24 2 Males predominant 14 3 Equally 3 4 Females predominant 3 5 Females exclusively 2 NA NA v115. Food Production: Milking (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 10 -1 Task Present, sex ? 127 0 Task absent 15 1 Males exclusively 2 2 Males predominant 8 3 Equally 2 4 Females predominant 21 5 Females exclusively 1 NA NA v116. Food Preparation: Vegetal: Food Preparation (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=178; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 2 -1 Task Present, sex ? 2 0 Task absent 3 1 Males exclusively 1 2 Males predominant 4 3 Equally 21 4 Females predominant 145 5 Females exclusively 8 NA NA v117. Food Preparation: Butchering (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=167; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 16 -1 Task Present, sex ? 8 0 Task absent 122 1 Males exclusively 9 2 Males predominant 4 3 Equally 4 4 Females predominant 4 5 Females exclusively 19 NA NA v118. Food Preparation: Preservation (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 64 -1 Task Present, sex ? 31 0 Task absent 18 1 Males exclusively 2 2 Males predominant 3 3 Equally 3 4 Females predominant 40 5 Females exclusively 25 NA NA v119. Food Preparation: Drinks (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 42 -1 Task Present, sex ? 37 0 Task absent 15 1 Males exclusively 3 2 Males predominant 4 3 Equally 4 4 Females predominant 65 5 Females exclusively 16 NA NA v120. Food Preparation: Dairy (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=178; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 20 -1 Task Present, sex ? 130 0 Task absent 4 1 Males exclusively 24 5 Females exclusively 8 NA NA v121. Food Preparation: Cooking (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 -1 Task Present, sex ? 2 2 Males predominant 2 3 Equally 63 4 Females predominant 117 5 Females exclusively 1 NA NA v122. Extractive Industries: Mining/Quarrying (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=147; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 6 -1 Task Present, sex ? 106 0 Task absent 31 1 Males exclusively 1 2 Males predominant 2 3 Equally 1 5 Females exclusively 39 NA NA v123. Extractive Industries: Fuel Gathering (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 11 -1 Task Present, sex ? 1 0 Task absent 25 1 Males exclusively 12 2 Males predominant 12 3 Equally 24 4 Females predominant 94 5 Females exclusively 7 NA NA v124. Extractive Industries: Lumbering (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=169; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 16 -1 Task Present, sex ? 14 0 Task absent 135 1 Males exclusively 4 2 Males predominant 17 NA NA v125. Extractive Industries: Water Fetching (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 25 -1 Task Present, sex ? 4 1 Males exclusively 4 2 Males predominant 8 3 Equally 13 4 Females predominant 131 5 Females exclusively 1 NA NA v126. Intermediate Processing: Skins (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=173; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 44 -1 Task Present, sex ? 48 0 Task absent 39 1 Males exclusively 4 2 Males predominant 2 3 Equally 5 4 Females predominant 31 5 Females exclusively 13 NA NA v127. Intermediate Processing: Spinning (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 9 -1 Task Present, sex ? 56 0 Task absent 7 1 Males exclusively 3 2 Males predominant 4 3 Equally 5 4 Females predominant 72 5 Females exclusively 30 NA NA v128. Intermediate Processing: Loom Weaving (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 -1 Task Present, sex ? 81 0 Task absent 24 1 Males exclusively 6 3 Equally 8 4 Females predominant 50 5 Females exclusively 16 NA NA v129. Intermediate Processing: Smelting (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 125 0 Task absent 37 1 Males exclusively 24 NA NA v130. Manufacturing: Matmaking (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 31 -1 Task Present, sex ? 29 0 Task absent 30 1 Males exclusively 4 2 Males predominant 9 3 Equally 5 4 Females predominant 55 5 Females exclusively 23 NA NA v131. Manufacturing: Netmaking (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 45 -1 Task Present, sex ? 45 0 Task absent 42 1 Males exclusively 2 2 Males predominant 5 3 Equally 1 4 Females predominant 15 5 Females exclusively 31 NA NA v132. Manufacturing: Basketmaking (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 19 -1 Task Present, sex ? 21 0 Task absent 37 1 Males exclusively 9 2 Males predominant 15 3 Equally 18 4 Females predominant 51 5 Females exclusively 16 NA NA v133. Manufacturing: Rope or Cordage (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 56 -1 Task Present, sex ? 3 0 Task absent 62 1 Males exclusively 7 2 Males predominant 18 3 Equally 5 4 Females predominant 19 5 Females exclusively 16 NA NA v134. Manufacturing: Leather (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 32 -1 Task Present, sex ? 57 0 Task absent 35 1 Males exclusively 3 2 Males predominant 2 3 Equally 5 4 Females predominant 29 5 Females exclusively 23 NA NA v135. Manufacturing: Clothing (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 5 -1 Task Present, sex ? 36 0 Task absent 16 1 Males exclusively 4 2 Males predominant 11 3 Equally 13 4 Females predominant 78 5 Females exclusively 23 NA NA v136. Manufacturing: Pottery (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 6 -1 Task Present, sex ? 61 0 Task absent 14 1 Males exclusively 5 2 Males predominant 6 3 Equally 6 4 Females predominant 74 5 Females exclusively 14 NA NA v137. Manufacturing: Wood (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 17 -1 Task Present, sex ? 1 0 Task absent 159 1 Males exclusively 3 2 Males predominant 1 3 Equally 1 4 Females predominant 4 NA NA v138. Manufacturing: Bone (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=140; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 44 -1 Task Present, sex ? 14 0 Task absent 71 1 Males exclusively 7 2 Males predominant 2 3 Equally 2 5 Females exclusively 46 NA NA v139. Manufacturing: Stone (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=143; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 31 -1 Task Present, sex ? 39 0 Task absent 67 1 Males exclusively 6 3 Equally 43 NA NA v140. Manufacturing: Metal (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 93 0 Task absent 85 1 Males exclusively 1 2 Males predominant 7 NA NA v141. Manufacturing: Musical Instruments (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 74 -1 Task Present, sex ? 8 0 Task absent 83 1 Males exclusively 3 2 Males predominant 1 3 Equally 1 5 Females exclusively 16 NA NA v142. Miscellaneous: Fire (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 96 -1 Task Present, sex ? 3 0 Task absent 40 1 Males exclusively 6 2 Males predominant 16 3 Equally 4 4 Females predominant 20 5 Females exclusively 1 NA NA v143. Miscellaneous: Laundering (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=127; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 9 -1 Task Present, sex ? 52 0 Task absent 5 1 Males exclusively 4 3 Equally 8 4 Females predominant 49 5 Females exclusively 59 NA NA v144. Miscellaneous: Bodily Mutilation (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=164; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 45 -1 Task Present, sex ? 13 0 Task absent 36 1 Males exclusively 4 2 Males predominant 48 3 Equally 6 4 Females predominant 12 5 Females exclusively 22 NA NA v145. Miscellaneous: Bonesetting/Surgery (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=98; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 17 -1 Task Present, sex ? 37 0 Task absent 34 1 Males exclusively 6 2 Males predominant 4 3 Equally 88 NA NA v146. Miscellaneous: Burden Carrying (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 6 -1 Task Present, sex ? 3 0 Task absent 18 1 Males exclusively 12 2 Males predominant 46 3 Equally 34 4 Females predominant 36 5 Females exclusively 31 NA NA v147. Miscellaneous: Boatbuilding (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=175; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 5 -1 Task Present, sex ? 79 0 Task absent 84 1 Males exclusively 3 2 Males predominant 3 3 Equally 1 5 Females exclusively 11 NA NA v148. Miscellaneous: Housebuilding (sexual division of labor) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 6 -1 Task Present, sex ? 1 0 Task absent 105 1 Males exclusively 30 2 Males predominant 14 3 Equally 9 4 Females predominant 20 5 Females exclusively 1 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Murdock, George P., and Catherine Provost. 1973. Measurement of Cultural Complexity. Ethnology 12:379-392. ----------------------------------------------------------- v149. Scale 1- Writing and Records Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 73 1 None 49 2 Mnemonic devices 21 3 Nonwritten records 12 4 True writing; no records 31 5 True writing; records v150. Scale 2- Fixity of Residence Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 28 1 Nomadic 21 2 Seminomadic 20 3 Semisedentary 15 4 Sedentary; impermanent 102 5 Sedentary v151. Scale 3- Agriculture Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 38 1 None 17 2 10 pct food supply 11 3 10 pct ; secondary 63 4 Primary; not intensive 57 5 Primary; intensive v152. Scale 4- Urbanization Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 56 1 fewer than 100 persons 43 2 100-199 persons 33 3 200-399 persons 30 4 400-999 persons 24 5 1000 persons v153. Scale 5- Technological Specialization Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 39 1 None 27 2 Pottery only 31 3 Loom weaving only 56 4 Metalwork only 33 5 Smiths, weavers, potters v154. Scale 6- Land Transport Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 108 1 Human only 42 2 Pack animals 14 3 Draft animals 11 4 Animal-drawn vehicles 11 5 Automotive vehicles v155. Scale 7- Money Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 77 1 None 14 2 Domestically usable articles 43 3 Alien currency 27 4 Elementary forms 25 5 True money v156. Scale 8- Density of Population Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 58 1 less than 1 person/square mile 25 2 1-5 persons/square mile 28 3 5.1-25 persons/square mile 35 4 26-100 persons/square mile 40 5 100 persons/square mile v157. Scale 9- Political Integration Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 11 1 None 71 2 Autonomous local communities 47 3 1 level above community 28 4 2 levels above community 29 5 3 levels above community v158. Scale 10- Social Stratification Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 65 1 Egalitarian 52 2 Hereditary slavery 19 3 2 social classes, no castes/slavery 20 4 2 social classes, castes/slavery 30 5 3 social classes or castes, with or without slavery 158.1. SUM OF CULTURAL COMPLEXITY (v149-v158) v158.1. Sum of Complexity measures Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=40 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 27.823 min 10 max 50 sd 10.312 ============================================================ SOURCE: Gwen J. Broude and Sarah J. Greene. 1976. Cross-Cultural Codes on Twenty Sexual Attitudes and Practices. Ethnology 12: 409-429. ----------------------------------------------------------- v159. Talk about Sex Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 18 1 Adults and adults talk explicitly 2 2 Except with children 13 3 Except with certain people 9 4 Only with intimates 18 5 Never 126 NA NA v160. Sex Frequency in Marriage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=66; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 11 1 No abstinence 40 2 Abstinence at times 6 3 Moderation 9 4 Abstinence admired 120 NA NA v161. Sex Believed Dangerous Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=34; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 14 1 Absent 4 2 With specific categories 9 3 Only unusual practices 1 4 Only sexual secretions 6 5 Always 152 NA NA v162. Foreplay Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 18 1 Present 4 2 Minimal 13 3 Absent 151 NA NA v163. Age for Clothing- Male Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 6 1 Never 1 2 Adulthood 9 3 Puberty 19 4 Toddler to puberty 1 5 Toddler 3 6 At birth 147 NA NA v164. Age for Clothing- Female Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 4 1 Never 2 2 Adulthood 7 3 Puberty 27 4 Toddler to puberty 5 5 Toddler 3 6 At birth 138 NA NA v165. Premarital Sex Attitudes- Female Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=130; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 30 1 Expected 28 2 Tolerated 22 3 Mildly disapproved 11 4 Moderately disapproved 4 5 Disallowed 35 6 Strongly disapproved 56 NA NA v166. Frequency of Premarital Sex- Male Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=102; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 60 1 Universal 18 2 Moderate 11 3 Occasional 13 4 Uncommon 84 NA NA v167. Frequency of Premarital Sex- Female Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=109; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 51 1 Universal 19 2 Moderate 16 3 Occasional 23 4 Uncommon 77 NA NA v168. Initiator of Premarital Sex Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=30; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 5 1 Women always 9 3 Both equally 5 4 Men more than women 11 5 Men always 156 NA NA v169. Extramarital Sex Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=109; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 13 1 Single standard- both allowed 48 2 Double standard- husband only 24 3 Double standard- both forbidden, women punished more 24 4 Single standard- both condemned equally 77 NA NA v170. Frequency of Extramarital Sex- Male Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 6 1 Universal 29 2 Moderate 6 3 Occasional 10 4 Uncommon 135 NA NA v171. Frequency of Extramarital Sex- Female Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 6 1 Universal 23 2 Moderate 9 3 Occasional 15 4 Uncommon 133 NA NA v172. Wifesharing Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=103; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 4 1 For any reason 11 2 Vis-a-vis specific group men 5 3 Vis-a-vis specific man 7 4 Occasionally for sex gratification 3 5 For husbands economic benefit 11 6 Aside from sex gratification 62 7 None 83 NA NA v173. Rape Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 9 1 Accepted/ignored 4 2 Ridiculed 8 3 Mildly disapproved 18 4 Strongly disapproved 147 NA NA v174. Frequency of Rape Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=31; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 8 1 Absent 10 2 Rare 13 3 Common 155 NA NA v175. Male Sexual Aggressiveness Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 5 1 Men diffident, shy 7 2 Men sexually forward but not diffident 26 3 Men forward verbally 7 4 Men forward physically 6 5 Men forward; hostile occasionally 9 6 Men forward; hostile typically 126 NA NA v176. Homosexuality Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 9 1 Accepted/ignored 4 2 None 6 3 Ridiculed, no punishment 4 4 Mildly disapproved 17 5 Strongly disapproved 146 NA NA v177. Frequency of Homosexuality Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=69; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 40 1 Absent 29 2 Present 117 NA NA v178. Impotence Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 7 1 No concern 30 2 Concern 149 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Whiting, John W. M. (New Codes: Not Previously Published). Referenced in "Winter temperature as a constraint to the migration of preindustrial peoples", Whiting, et al. American Anthropologist 84:279-298 (1982). The weather data is cited as coming from Walter, H., and H. Leith (1964) Klimadiagramm-Weltatlas, Jena: Gustav Fischer. ----------------------------------------------------------- These codes are taken from Climate maps, for weather stations closest to the time and place of each societal focus. v179. Latitude of Weather Station Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=59 Stat Value nobs 179 mean 23.469 min 1 max 71 sd 17.988 v180. Latitude Hemisphere (for Weather Stations) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 128 1 North 52 2 South 6 NA NA v181. Longitude of Weather Station Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=112 Stat Value nobs 180 mean 79.672 min 1 max 176 sd 47.724 v182. Longitude Hemisphere (for Weather Stations) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 105 1 East 75 2 West 6 NA NA v183. Altitude in Meters Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=136 Stat Value nobs 180 mean 453.6 min 0 max 3822 sd 675.411 v184. Years of Observation: Temperature Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=43 Stat Value nobs 180 mean 18.572 min 0 max 70 sd 16.521 v185. Years of Observation: Precipitation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=53 Stat Value nobs 180 mean 23.356 min 0 max 73 sd 16.932 v186. Mean Annual Temperature (Xc) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=35 Stat Value nobs 180 mean 18.889 min -16 max 29 sd 9.854 v187. Hottest Month Mean Temperature (Xc) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=29 Stat Value nobs 180 mean 24.394 min 4 max 46 sd 6.129 v188. Coldest Month Mean Temperature (Xc) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=46 Stat Value nobs 180 mean 12.75 min -28 max 28 sd 14.544 v189. Mean Annual Precipitation (mm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=177; Number of unique values=165 Stat Value nobs 177 mean 1303.734 min 1 max 4819 sd 1011.52 v190. Mean Daily Min Coldest Month (Xc) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=95; Number of unique values=40 Stat Value nobs 95 mean 2.821 min -61 max 24 sd 18.24 v191. Mean Daily Max Hottest Month (Xc) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=31; Number of unique values=13 Freq Value Description 1 -2 Min 2 0 0 1 26 26 4 27 27 2 30 30 3 31 31 4 32 32 4 33 33 2 34 34 1 35 35 1 36 36 5 39 39 1 41 Max 155 NA NA v192. Highest Precipitation in Wettest Month (mm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=101 Stat Value nobs 180 mean 216.956 min 1 max 670 sd 149.462 v193. Lowest Precipitation in Dryest Month (mm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=68 Stat Value nobs 180 mean 34.411 min 0 max 295 sd 53.463 v194. Wettest Month Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 11 1 Jan 2 3 March 6 4 Apr 12 5 May 20 6 June 39 7 July 38 8 Aug 23 9 Sept 15 10 Oct 6 11 Nov 8 12 Dec 6 NA NA v195. Dryest Month Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=12 Freq Value Description 52 1 Jan 36 2 Feb 12 3 March 11 4 Apr 4 5 May 10 6 June 16 7 July 8 8 Aug 3 9 Sept 2 10 Oct 4 11 Nov 22 12 Dec 6 NA NA v196. Number of Dry Months Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=13 Freq Value Description 70 0 None 8 1 1 13 2 2 10 3 3 19 4 4 13 5 5 15 6 6 10 7 7 8 8 8 1 9 9 3 10 10 1 11 11 9 12 12 6 NA NA v197. Hottest Month Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=12 Freq Value Description 2 1 Jan 5 2 Feb 11 3 Mar 23 4 Apr 30 5 May 13 6 June 66 7 July 18 8 Aug 7 9 Sept 2 10 Oct 2 11 Nov 1 12 Dec 6 NA NA v198. Coldest Month Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 117 1 Jan 14 2 Feb 1 3 Mar 1 4 Apr 4 6 June 7 7 July 8 8 Aug 1 9 Sept 2 10 Oct 1 11 Nov 24 12 Dec 6 NA NA v199. Number of Frost Months Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 152 0 None 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 6 6 7 7 7 3 8 8 6 9 9 2 10 10 5 11 11 2 12 12 6 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Murdock, George P. 1962-1971. Installments in Ethnology. Ethnoatlas codes 200-291 were changed by J. Patrick Gray, 1998. World Cultures 10(1):86-136. ----------------------------------------------------------- v200. Region Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 28 1 Africa Exclusive of Madagascar and the Sahara 28 2 Circum-Mediterranean North Africa, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Semitic Near East 34 3 East Eurasia including Madagascar and Islands in Indian Ocean 31 4 Insular Pacific including Australia, Indonesia, Formosa, Phillipines 33 5 North America indigenous societies to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec 32 6 South America including Antilles, Yucatan, Central America v201. Area Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 21 0 0 26 1 1 21 2 2 18 3 3 19 4 4 18 5 5 16 6 6 16 7 7 13 8 8 18 9 9 v202. EA Number Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 7 0 0 37 1 1 24 2 2 40 3 3 23 4 4 15 5 5 10 6 6 11 7 7 7 8 8 12 9 9 v203. Dependence on Gathering (Atlas 1) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 86 0 0 - 5 pct 51 1 6 - 15 pct 23 2 16 - 25 pct 9 3 26 - 35 pct 9 4 36 - 45 pct 4 5 46 - 55 pct 3 6 56 - 65 pct 1 8 76 - 85 pct v204. Dependence on Hunting (Atlas 3) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 63 0 0 - 5 pct 48 1 6 - 15 pct 33 2 16 - 25 pct 19 3 26 - 35 pct 11 4 36 - 45 pct 5 5 46 - 55 pct 3 6 56 - 65 pct 2 7 66 - 75 pct 1 8 76 - 85 pct 1 9 86 - 100 pct v205. Dependence on Fishing (Atlas 3) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 57 0 0 - 5 pct 54 1 6 - 15 pct 30 2 16 - 25 pct 14 3 26 - 35 pct 12 4 36 - 45 pct 11 5 46 - 55 pct 5 6 56 - 65 pct 1 7 66 - 75 pct 1 8 76 - 85 pct 1 9 86 - 100 pct v206. Dependence on Animal Husbandry (Atlas 4) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 77 0 0 - 5 pct 39 1 6 - 15 pct 29 2 16 - 25 pct 19 3 26 - 35 pct 7 4 36 - 45 pct 3 5 46 - 55 pct 2 6 56 - 65 pct 1 7 66 - 75 pct 4 8 76 - 85 pct 5 9 86 - 100 pct v207. Dependence on Agriculture (Atlas 5) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 44 0 0 - 5 pct 11 1 6 - 15 pct 4 2 16 - 25 pct 2 3 26 - 35 pct 16 4 36 - 45 pct 37 5 46 - 55 pct 38 6 56 - 65 pct 17 7 66 - 75 pct 13 8 76 - 85 pct 4 9 86 - 100 pct v208. Mode of Marriage (Atlas 6) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 71 1 Bride-Price or -Wealth, to brides family 24 2 Bride-Service, to brides family 16 3 Token Bride-price 15 4 Gift Exchange, reciprocal 9 5 Sister or Female Relative Exchanged for Bride 42 6 Absence of Consideration 9 7 Dowry, to bride from her family v209. Mode of Marriage (Alternate) (Atlas 7) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 9 1 Bride-Price or -Wealth, to brides family 15 2 Bride-Service, to brides family 4 3 Token Bride-price 3 5 Sister or Female Relative Exchanged for Bride 9 7 Dowry, to bride from her family 146 9 No Alternative v210. Domestic Organization (Atlas 8) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 14 1 Independent Nuclear Family, Monogamous 43 2 Independent Nuclear Family, occasional Polygyny 2 3 Independent Polyandrous Families 6 4 Polygynous: Unusual Co-wives Pattern (4, 6 below) 22 5 Polygynous: Usual Co-Wife Pattern (3, 5 below) 12 6 Minimal (stem) extended families 44 7 Small Extended Families 42 8 Large Extended Families 1 NA NA v211. Composition of Domestic Group (Atlas 9 Combined) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 14 1 Independent Nuclear, Monogamous 43 2 Independent Nuclear, Occasional Polygyny 4 3 Preferentially Sororal, Cowives in same dwelling 1 4 Preferentially Sororal, Cowives separate dwellings 18 5 Non-Sororal, Cowives in separate dwellings 5 6 Non-Sororal, Cowives in same dwelling 2 7 Independent Polyandrous Families 98 8 Extended Family 1 NA NA v212. Marital Composition within Extended Families (Atlas 9 Combined) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 21 1 Monogamy 39 2 Occasional or limited polygyny 12 3 Preferentially sororal, co-wives in same dwelling 1 4 Preferentially sororal, co-wives separate dwelling 16 5 Non-sororal, co-wives separate dwelling 9 6 Non-sororal polygyny, co-wives in same dwelling 87 7 Polyandry, or no extended family 88->87 1 NA NA v213. Marital Residence with Kin: First Years (Atlas 10 Combined) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Ambilocal: with either kin group 4 2 Nonestablishment of Common Household 32 3 Uxorilocal: with wifes parents 3 4 Virilocal: with husbands parents 145 5 Same as Prevalent Residence (#215) 1 NA NA v214. Transfer of Residence at Marriage: First Years (Atlas 10 Combined) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 3 1 Wife to Husbands Group (7 in 213) 1 2 Couple to either Group or Neolocal (4 in 213) 32 3 Husband to Wifes Group (2 in 213) 4 4 No Common Residence (0 in 213) 145 5 Same as Prevalent Residence (#216) 1 NA NA v215. Marital Residence with Kin: after First Years (Atlas 12) (Atlas 11) -> (Atlas 12) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 0 Nonestablishment of Common Household 16 1 Matrilocal: with wifes unilineal kin group 14 2 Uxorilocal: with wifes parents 1 3 Optional avuncu- or uxori-local 12 4 Bilocal: with either kin group 8 5 Avunculocal: with husbands mothers brother 1 6 Optional avuncu-, viri-, or patri-locality 48 7 Virilocal: with husbands parents 69 8 Patrilocal: with husbands unilineal kin group 15 9 Neolocal: independent of kin 1 NA NA v216. Transfer of Residence at Marriage: after First Years (Atlas 11) (Atlas 12) -> (Atlas 11) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 126 1 Wife to Husbands Group (1,4,8,10 above) 28 2 Couple to either Group or Neolocal (2,3,6 above) 30 3 Husband to Wifes Group (5,9 above) 1 4 No Common Residence (9 above) 1 NA NA v217. Marital Residence with Kin: Alternate Form Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 29 2 Uxorilocal: with wifes parents 1 3 Optional avuncu- or uxori-local 9 5 Avunculocal: with husbands mothers brother 17 7 Virilocal: with husbands parents 2 8 Patrilocal: with husbands unilineal kin group 22 9 Neolocal: independent of kin 105 10 Same as Prevalent Residence (#215) 1 NA NA v218. Transfer of Residence at Marriage: Alternate Form (Atlas 13) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 28 1 Wife to Husbands Group (Patrilocal, Virilocal) 23 2 Couple to either Group or Neolocal (bilocal, optional patr-,-viri- or avuncu-,neolocal) 29 3 Husband to Wifes Group (Avunculocal, matrilocal, uxorilocal, optional avuncu- or uxori-) 105 4 Same as Prevalent Residence (#215) 1 NA NA v219. Community Marriage Organization (Atlas 15) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 17 1 Demes (not segmented into clan barrios) 40 2 Segmented communities without local exogamy 67 3 Agamous communities 27 4 Exogamous communities (not clans) 2 5 Segmented communities (containing localized clans) with local exogamy 29 6 Clan communities (or clan barrios) 4 NA NA v220. Community Marriage Organization (Alternate) (Atlas 16) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 2 Segmented communities without local exogamy 179 9 No secondary organization 4 NA NA v221. Largest Patrilineal Kin Group (Atlas 17) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 104 1 None 17 3 Lineages in a Single Community 43 4 Sibs (Lineages in Multiple Communities) 15 5 Phratries (Maximally Extended Sibs) 6 6 Moieties 1 NA NA v222. Largest Patrilineal Exogamous Group (If Different) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 13 3 Lineages in a Single Community 5 4 Sibs (Lineages in Multiple Communities) 167 9 No Difference 1 NA NA v223. Largest Matrilineal Kin Group Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 144 1 None 3 2 Exogamous Group 7 3 Lineages in a Single Community 15 4 Sibs (Lineages in Multiple Communities) 5 5 Phratries (Maximally Extended Sibs) 11 6 Moieties 1 NA NA v224. Largest Matrilineal Exogamous Group (If Different) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 3 Lineages in a Single Community 3 4 Sibs (Lineages in Multiple Communities) 180 9 No Difference 1 NA NA v225. Cognatic Kin Groups Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 48 1 Bilateral descent 27 2 Kindreds: ego-oriented bilateral kin-groups 7 4 Ramages: ancestor oriented ambilineal groups 2 5 Exogamous ramages 4 6 Quasi-lineages: filiation based, not descent 97 9 No Secondary cognatic group 1 NA NA v226. Secondary Cognatic Kin Group: Where Both Kindreds and Ramages Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 2 Kindreds: ego-oriented bilateral kin-groups 1 4 Ramages: ancestor oriented ambilineal groups 182 9 No Secondary cognatic group 1 NA NA v227. Number of Cousin Marriages (Allowed) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=174; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 25 1 All four cousins 8 2 Three of four cousins 44 3 Two of four cousins (e.g., paternal) 6 4 One of four cousins (e.g., FaBrDa) 19 5 No first cousins 2 6 First and some second cousins excluded 27 7 No first, unknown for second 43 8 No first or second cousins 12 NA NA v228. Number of Cousin Marriages (Preferred) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=174; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 12 1 All four cousins 1 2 Three of four cousins 36 3 Two of four cousins (e.g., paternal) 6 4 One of four cousins (e.g., FaBrDa) 4 5 No first cousins 2 6 First and some second cousins excluded 113 9 No preferential or prescriptive unions 12 NA NA v229. Subtypes of Cousin Marriages (Allowed) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=174; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 2 Paternal (FBD if only one) 166 4 Other 1 6 Maternal 6 7 MoBrDa 12 NA NA v230. Subtypes of Cousin Marriages (Preferred) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=174; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 5 1 FaSiDa 8 2 Paternal (FBD if only one) 25 4 Other 23 7 MoBrDa 113 9 No preferential or prescriptive unions 12 NA NA v231. Kin Terms for Cousins Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 16 1 Descriptive terms, e.g. mothers brothers son 1 2 Sudanese: Siblings, cross and parallel cousins distinguished but not by descriptive terms 44 3 Iroquois: Cross cousins versus parallel are siblings 4 4 Mixed or deviant 14 5 Omaha: Generational merging; MoBrCh up; FaSCh down 15 6 Crow: Generational merging; MoBrCh down; FaSCh up 23 7 Eskimo: Cousins versus siblings 55 8 Hawaiian: Siblings plus cousins equated 14 NA NA v232. Intensity of Cultivation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 42 1 No agriculture 10 2 Casual agriculture, incidental to other subsistence modes 55 3 Extensive or shifting agriculture, long fallow, and new fields cleared annually 18 4 Horticulture, vegetal gardens or groves of fruit trees 32 5 Intensive agriculture, using fertilization, crop rotation, or other techniques to shorten or eliminate fallow period 29 6 Intensive irrigated agriculture v233. Major Crop Type Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 44 1 None or none specified 13 4 Tree fruits 38 5 Roots or tubers 91 6 Cereal grains v234. Settlement Patterns Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 26 1 Nomadic or fully migratory 24 2 Seminomadic 13 3 Semisedentary 3 4 Compact but impermanent settlements 20 5 Neighborhoods of dispersed family homesteads 17 6 Separated hamlets, forming a single community 75 7 Compact and relatively permanent settlements 8 8 Complex settlements v235. Mean Size of Local Communities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=148; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 31 1 Fewer than 50 29 2 50-99 24 3 100-199 17 4 200-399 12 5 400-1000 4 6 1,000 without any town of more than 5000 10 7 One or more towns of 5,000-50,000 21 8 One or more cities of more than 50,000 38 NA NA v236. Jurisdictional Hierarchy of Local Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 45 2 Two levels (theoretical minimum, e.g., family and band) 117 3 Three levels 24 4 Four levels (e.g., nuclear family, extended family, clan barrios, village levels) v237. Jurisdictional Hierarchy beyond Local Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 82 1 No levels (no political authority beyond community) 48 2 One level (e.g., petty chiefdoms) 23 3 Two levels (e.g., larger chiefdoms) 19 4 Three levels (e.g., states) 12 5 Four levels (e.g., large states) 2 NA NA v238. High Gods Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 68 1 Absent or not reported 47 2 Present but not active in human affairs 13 3 Present and active in human affairs but not supportive of human morality 40 4 Present, active, and specifically supportive of human morality 18 NA NA v239. Games { Can Also Be Expressed in a Semi-order or Partial Guttman Scale, as There Are Five Latent Classes or Dominant Scale Types: for P C S, These Are - - - + - - + + - + - + + + + } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=122; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 10 1 None of the three types 41 2 Physical skill 2 4 Strategy 40 5 Skill and chance 11 6 Skill and strategy 18 8 All 64 NA NA v239.1. Presence of Games of Physical Skill { Dummy variable coded from v239 } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=122; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 12 0 No Games of Physical Skill 110 1 Games of Physical Skill 64 NA NA v239.2. Presence of Games of Chance { Dummy variable coded from v239 } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=122; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 64 0 No Games of Chance 58 1 Games of Chance 64 NA NA v239.3. Presence of Games of Strategy { Dummy variable coded from v239 } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=122; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 91 0 No Games of Strategy 31 1 Games of Strategy 64 NA NA v240. Post-partum Sex Taboos Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=107; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 5 1 None 24 2 No longer than 1 month 33 3 1 to 6 months 8 4 6 months to 1 year 19 5 More than one year to two years 18 6 More than two years 79 NA NA v241. Male Genital Mutilations Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 135 0 Absent 5 1 Within first two months after birth 1 2 Two months to two years 5 3 Two to five years 15 4 Six to ten years 16 5 11 to 15 years 2 6 16 to 25 years 1 8 After 50 years 3 9 Normal age unclear 3 NA NA v242. Segregation of Adolescent Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 106 1 Absence 19 2 Partial 8 3 Complete, with relatives outside nuclear family 4 4 Complete, with non-relatives 18 5 Complete, with peers 31 NA NA v243. Animals and Plow Cultivation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 153 1 Absent (no plow animals) 2 2 Not aboriginal but well established at period of observation 31 3 Prior to contract v244. Predominant Type of Animal Husbandry Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 54 1 Absence or near absence of large domestic animals 31 2 Pigs the only large domestic animals 15 3 Sheep and/or goats without larger domestic animals 10 4 Equine animals (horses, donkeys) 3 5 Deer (reindeer) 5 6 Camels, alpacas, or llamas 68 7 Bovine animals (cattle, mithun, water buffalo, yaks) v245. Milking of Domestic Animals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 129 1 Little or no milking, or insufficient information 57 2 Milked more often than sporadically v246. Subsistence Economy { Roughly Equal to the Categories below for 858. Subsistence Type - Ecological Classification (858 Categories) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 15 1 Gathering 19 2 Fishing 12 3 Hunting, or Marine animals, or Mounted Hunting 16 4 Pastoral 60 6 Shifting Cultivation or Horticulture or Tree fruits 57 7 Intensive agriculture 7 8 Two or more sources contribute equally v247. Descent: Major Type (from Variables 121-126) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 59 1 Patrilineal 11 2 Duolateral 27 3 Matrilineal 4 4 Quasi-lineages 6 5 Ambilineal 64 6 Bilateral 14 7 Mixed 1 NA NA v248. Sex Differences in Metal Working Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 79 1 Males alone or almost alone 1 2 Males appreciably more 1 7 Gender irrelevant, esp. industrialized 1 8 Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 101 9 Activity absent or unimportant 3 NA NA v249. Sex Differences in Weaving Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=174; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 20 1 Males alone or almost alone 3 2 Males appreciably more 5 3 Differentiation but equal participation 1 5 Females appreciably more 47 6 Females alone or almost alone 9 8 Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 89 9 Activity absent or unimportant 12 NA NA v250. Sex Differences in Leather Working Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=139; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 32 1 Males alone or almost alone 1 2 Males appreciably more 1 4 Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation 3 5 Females appreciably more 32 6 Females alone or almost alone 22 8 Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 48 9 Activity absent or unimportant 47 NA NA v251. Sex Differences in Pottery Making Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 9 1 Males alone or almost alone 2 2 Males appreciably more 4 3 Differentiation but equal participation 2 4 Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation 2 5 Females appreciably more 73 6 Females alone or almost alone 1 7 Gender irrelevant, esp. industrialized 19 8 Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 58 9 Activity absent or unimportant 16 NA NA v252. Sex Differences in Boat Building Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 73 1 Males alone or almost alone 5 2 Males appreciably more 1 6 Females alone or almost alone 19 8 Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 62 9 Activity absent or unimportant 26 NA NA v253. Sex Differences in House Construction Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=150; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 90 1 Males alone or almost alone 18 2 Males appreciably more 17 3 Differentiation but equal participation 5 4 Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation 5 5 Females appreciably more 14 6 Females alone or almost alone 1 8 Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 36 NA NA v254. Age or Occupational Specialization in Metal Working Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 76 3 Craft specialization 2 4 Industrialized specialization 105 9 Activity absent 3 NA NA v255. Age or Occupational Specialization in Weaving Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=174; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 16 3 Craft specialization 1 4 Industrialized specialization 157 9 Activity absent 12 NA NA v256. Age or Occupational Specialization in Leather Working Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=139; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 18 3 Craft specialization 121 9 Activity absent 47 NA NA v257. Age or Occupational Specialization in Pottery Making Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 23 3 Craft specialization 1 4 Industrialized specialization 146 9 Activity absent 16 NA NA v258. Age or Occupational Specialization in Boat Building Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 12 3 Craft specialization 148 9 Activity absent 26 NA NA v259. Age or Occupational Specialization in House Construction Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=150; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 14 3 Craft specialization 136 9 Activity absent 36 NA NA v260. Sex Differences in Gathering Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 3 1 Males alone or almost alone 4 2 Males appreciably more 3 3 Differentiation but equal participation 11 4 Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation 24 5 Females appreciably more 64 6 Females alone or almost alone 4 8 Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 49 9 Activity absent or unimportant 24 NA NA v261. Sex Differences in Hunting Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 152 1 Males alone or almost alone 2 2 Males appreciably more 25 9 Activity absent or unimportant 7 NA NA v262. Sex Differences in Fishing Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=173; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 65 1 Males alone or almost alone 43 2 Males appreciably more 10 3 Differentiation but equal participation 8 4 Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation 5 5 Females appreciably more 3 6 Females alone or almost alone 1 8 Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 38 9 Activity absent or unimportant 13 NA NA v263. Sex Differences in Animal Husbandry Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 35 1 Males alone or almost alone 23 2 Males appreciably more 18 3 Differentiation but equal participation 13 4 Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation 4 5 Females appreciably more 12 6 Females alone or almost alone 2 8 Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 56 9 Activity absent or unimportant 23 NA NA v264. Sex Differences in Agriculture Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=177; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 16 1 Males alone or almost alone 37 2 Males appreciably more 14 3 Differentiation but equal participation 25 4 Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation 37 5 Females appreciably more 5 6 Females alone or almost alone 43 9 Activity absent or unimportant 9 NA NA v265. Age or Occupational Specialization in Gathering Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 1 1 Junior age specialization (before puberty) 161 9 Activity absent or unimportant 24 NA NA v266. Age or Occupational Specialization in Hunting Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 1 Junior age specialization (before puberty) 8 3 Craft specialization 170 9 Activity absent or unimportant 7 NA NA v267. Age or Occupational Specialization in Fishing Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=173; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 8 3 Craft specialization 165 9 Activity absent or unimportant 13 NA NA v268. Age or Occupational Specialization in Animal Husbandry Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 4 1 Junior age specialization (before puberty) 1 3 Craft specialization 158 9 Activity absent or unimportant 23 NA NA v269. Murdock's Language Code: Revised in a Later Issue; No Codes Here Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=0; Number of unique values=0 Freq Value Description 186 NA NA v270. Class Stratification Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 76 1 Absence among freemen 45 2 Wealth distinctions 3 3 Elite (based on control of land or other resources) 37 4 Dual (hereditary aristocracy) 25 5 Complex (social classes) v271. Class Stratification, Secondary Feature Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 3 2 Wealth distinctions 4 3 Elite (based on control of land or other resources) 4 4 Dual (hereditary aristocracy) 2 5 Complex (social classes) 173 9 No second type or absence of stratification v272. Caste Stratification (Endogamy) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=181; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 153 1 Absent or insignificant 18 2 Despised occupational group(s) 3 3 Ethnic stratification 7 4 Complex 5 NA NA v273. Caste Stratification, Secondary Type Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=181; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 2 Despised occupational group(s) 1 3 Ethnic stratification 179 9 No second type or absence of stratification 5 NA NA v274. Type of Slavery Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 100 1 Absence or near absence 27 2 Incipient or nonhereditary 9 3 Reported but type not identified 44 4 Hereditary and socially significant 6 NA NA v275. Former Presence of Slavery Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 130 1 Absent or no difference from preceding column 50 2 Formerly present 6 NA NA v276. Succession to the Office of Local Headman Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 59 1 Patrilineal heir 17 2 Matrilineal heir 5 3 Nonhereditary (appointed by higher authority) 7 4 Nonhereditary on basis of seniority or age 9 5 Nonhereditary through influence (wealth or social status) 24 6 Nonhereditary through election or other formal consensus 23 7 Nonhereditary through informal consensus 19 9 Absence of any such office 23 NA NA v277. Succession to Office of Local Headman, Breakdown of Hereditary Succession Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 44 1 Hereditary by a son (patrilineal) 15 2 Hereditary by other patrilineal heir (e.g., YoBr) 8 3 Hereditary by a sisters son (matrilineal) 9 4 Hereditary by other matrilineal heir (e.g., YoBr) 87 9 Nonhereditary or absence of any such office 23 NA NA v278. Inheritance of Real Property (Land) : Rule or Practice for Inheritance Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 59 1 Absence of individual property rights or rules 3 2 Matrilineal (sisters sons) 10 3 Other matrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers) 12 4 Children, with daughters receiving less 9 5 Children, equally for both sexes 8 6 Other patrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers) 54 7 Patrilineal (sons) 31 NA NA v279. Inheritance of Movable Property: Rule or Practice for Inheritance Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=152; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 21 1 Absence of individual property rights or rules 5 2 Matrilineal (sisters sons) 9 3 Other matrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers) 14 4 Children, with daughters receiving less 22 5 Children, equally for both sexes 9 6 Other patrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers) 72 7 Patrilineal (sons) 34 NA NA v280. Inheritance of Real Property: Distribution of Inheritance among Individuals of Same Category Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 54 1 Equal or relatively equal 6 2 Exclusively or predominantly to the one adjudged best qualified 4 3 Ultimogeniture (to the junior individual) 28 4 Primogeniture (to the senior individual) 94 NA NA v281. Inheritance of Movable Property: Distribution of Inheritance among Individuals of Same Category Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=124; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 86 1 Equal or relatively equal 6 2 Exclusively or predominantly to the one adjudged best qualified 5 3 Ultimogeniture (to the junior individual) 27 4 Primogeniture (to the senior individual) 62 NA NA v282. Norms of Premarital Sex Behavior of Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=146; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 13 1 Early marriage of females (at or before puberty) 38 2 Insistence on virginity 37 3 Prohibited but weakly censured and not infrequent 16 4 Allowed, censured only if pregnancy results 5 5 Trial marriage, promiscuous relations prohibited 37 6 Freely permitted, even if pregnancy results 40 NA NA v283. Prevailing Type of Dwelling: Ground Plan Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Semicircular 58 2 Circular 6 3 Elliptical or elongated with rounded ends 108 5 Rectangular or square 9 6 Quadrangular around (if only partially) inner court 4 NA NA v284. Prevailing Type of Dwelling: Floor Level Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=181; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 13 1 Subterranean or semi-subterranean (ignoring cellars) 138 2 Floor formed by ground 12 3 Elevated slightly or on raised platform 18 4 Raised substantially on piles, posts, or piers 5 NA NA v285. Prevailing Type of Dwelling: Wall Material Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=122; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 12 1 Stone, stucco, concrete, or fired brick 19 2 Plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub 35 3 Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles 1 4 Bark 1 5 Hides or skin 6 6 Felt, cloth, or other fabrics 17 7 Mats, latticework, or wattle 14 8 Grass, leaves, or other thatch 17 9 Adobe, clay, or dried brick 64 NA NA v286. Prevailing Type of Dwelling: Shape of Roof Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=176; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 10 1 Rounded or semi-cylindrical 20 2 Dome or hemisphere 7 3 Beehive with pointed peak 33 4 Conical 2 5 Semi-hemisphere 6 6 Shad (one slope) 14 7 Flat or horizontal 69 8 Gabled (two slopes) 15 9 Hipped or pyramidal (four slopes) 10 NA NA v287. Prevailing Type of Dwelling: Roofing Materials Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=177; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 2 1 Stone or slate, or tile or fired brick 3 2 Plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub 10 3 Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles 6 4 Bark 5 5 Hides or skin 5 6 Felt, cloth, or other fabric 9 7 Mats 118 8 Grass, leaves, brush, or other thatch 18 9 Earth or turf 1 10 Ice or snow 9 NA NA v288. Secondary or Alternative House Type: Ground Plan Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=68; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 1 Semicircular 18 2 Circular 3 3 Elliptical or elongated with rounded ends 38 5 Rectangular or square 7 6 Quadrangular around (or partially around) an inner court 118 NA NA v289. Secondary or Alternative House Type: Floor Level Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=67; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 1 Subterranean or semi-subterranean (ignoring cellars) 50 2 Floor formed by ground 8 3 Elevated slightly or on raised platform 8 4 Raised substantially on piles, posts, or piers 119 NA NA v290. Secondary or Alternative House Type: Wall Material Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 8 1 Stone, stucco, concrete, or fired brick 5 2 Plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub 10 3 Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles 3 4 Bark 2 6 Felt, cloth, or other fabrics 3 7 Mats, latticework or wattle 3 8 Grass, leaves, or other thatch 8 9 Adobe, clay, or dried brick 144 NA NA v291. Secondary or Alternative House Type: Shape of Roof Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=67; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 1 2 Dome or hemisphere 16 4 Conical 2 5 Semi-hemisphere 2 6 Shad (one slope) 7 7 Flat or horizontal 31 8 Gabled (two slopes) 8 9 Hipped or pyramidal (four slopes) 119 NA NA v292. Secondary or Alternative House Type: Roofing Materials Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=66; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 3 1 Stone or slate, or tile or fired brick 1 2 Plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub 3 3 Wood, incl. logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles 1 4 Bark 5 5 Hides or skin 2 6 Felt, cloth or other fabric 4 7 Mats 42 8 Grass, leaves, brush, or other thatch 5 9 Earth or turf 120 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Herbert Barry III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall. 1976. Traits Inculcated in Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 5. Ethnology 15:83-114. ----------------------------------------------------------- v293. Duration of Early Childhood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 87 1 short (ending at about 7 years of age) 36 2 medium (ending at about 9 years of age) 56 3 long (ending at about 11 years of age or later) 7 NA NA v294. Fortitude: Early Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=140; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 17 2 (2 of 10) 16 3 (3 of 10) 11 4 (4 of 10) 61 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 24 6 (6 of 10) 3 7 (7 of 10) 6 8 (8 of 10) 2 9 (9 of 10) 46 NA NA v295. Fortitude: Early Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=131; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 10) 19 2 (2 of 10) 17 3 (3 of 10) 13 4 (4 of 10) 60 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 15 6 (6 of 10) 1 7 (7 of 10) 3 8 (8 of 10) 2 9 (9 of 10) 55 NA NA v296. Fortitude: Late Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 3 2 (2 of 10) 5 3 (3 of 10) 10 4 (4 of 10) 40 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 49 6 (6 of 10) 14 7 (7 of 10) 24 8 (8 of 10) 8 9 (9 of 10) 2 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 31 NA NA v297. Fortitude: Late Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=145; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 5 2 (2 of 10) 11 3 (3 of 10) 9 4 (4 of 10) 50 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 44 6 (6 of 10) 12 7 (7 of 10) 12 8 (8 of 10) 2 9 (9 of 10) 41 NA NA v298. Aggression: Early Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=133; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 6 1 (1 of 10) 25 2 (2 of 10) 14 3 (3 of 10) 7 4 (4 of 10) 40 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 28 6 (6 of 10) 1 7 (7 of 10) 8 8 (8 of 10) 3 9 (9 of 10) 1 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 53 NA NA v299. Aggression: Early Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=118; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 7 1 (1 of 10) 30 2 (2 of 10) 15 3 (3 of 10) 10 4 (4 of 10) 30 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 17 6 (6 of 10) 2 7 (7 of 10) 5 8 (8 of 10) 1 9 (9 of 10) 1 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 68 NA NA v300. Aggression: Late Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=148; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 4 1 (1 of 10) 9 2 (2 of 10) 11 3 (3 of 10) 9 4 (4 of 10) 40 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 43 6 (6 of 10) 5 7 (7 of 10) 19 8 (8 of 10) 6 9 (9 of 10) 2 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 38 NA NA v301. Aggression: Late Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=128; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 5 1 (1 of 10) 16 2 (2 of 10) 17 3 (3 of 10) 10 4 (4 of 10) 37 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 26 6 (6 of 10) 5 7 (7 of 10) 10 8 (8 of 10) 1 9 (9 of 10) 1 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 58 NA NA v302. Competitiveness: Early Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=111; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 6 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 21 2 (2 of 10) 15 3 (3 of 10) 9 4 (4 of 10) 38 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 18 6 (6 of 10) 2 7 (7 of 10) 2 9 (9 of 10) 75 NA NA v303. Competitiveness: Early Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=106; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 6 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 21 2 (2 of 10) 15 3 (3 of 10) 9 4 (4 of 10) 35 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 18 6 (6 of 10) 1 7 (7 of 10) 1 9 (9 of 10) 80 NA NA v304. Competitiveness: Late Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 5 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 15 2 (2 of 10) 18 3 (3 of 10) 9 4 (4 of 10) 42 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 30 6 (6 of 10) 2 7 (7 of 10) 11 8 (8 of 10) 3 9 (9 of 10) 51 NA NA v305. Competitiveness: Late Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=126; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 5 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 17 2 (2 of 10) 16 3 (3 of 10) 10 4 (4 of 10) 44 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 25 6 (6 of 10) 1 7 (7 of 10) 7 8 (8 of 10) 1 9 (9 of 10) 60 NA NA v306. Self-reliance: Early Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 7 1 (1 of 10) 39 2 (2 of 10) 27 3 (3 of 10) 9 4 (4 of 10) 42 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 16 6 (6 of 10) 2 7 (7 of 10) 10 8 (8 of 10) 2 9 (9 of 10) 31 NA NA v307. Self-reliance: Early Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=153; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 2 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 8 1 (1 of 10) 48 2 (2 of 10) 29 3 (3 of 10) 11 4 (4 of 10) 35 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 12 6 (6 of 10) 4 7 (7 of 10) 4 8 (8 of 10) 33 NA NA v308. Self-reliance: Late Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 4 1 (1 of 10) 6 2 (2 of 10) 5 3 (3 of 10) 5 4 (4 of 10) 34 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 39 6 (6 of 10) 6 7 (7 of 10) 49 8 (8 of 10) 11 9 (9 of 10) 1 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 26 NA NA v309. Self-reliance: Late Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=153; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 1 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 5 1 (1 of 10) 10 2 (2 of 10) 15 3 (3 of 10) 10 4 (4 of 10) 48 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 34 6 (6 of 10) 6 7 (7 of 10) 19 8 (8 of 10) 4 9 (9 of 10) 1 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 33 NA NA v310. Achievement: Early Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=146; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 3 1 (1 of 10) 49 2 (2 of 10) 23 3 (3 of 10) 4 4 (4 of 10) 44 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 17 6 (6 of 10) 1 7 (7 of 10) 3 8 (8 of 10) 1 9 (9 of 10) 40 NA NA v311. Achievement: Early Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=136; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 2 1 (1 of 10) 49 2 (2 of 10) 24 3 (3 of 10) 4 4 (4 of 10) 36 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 17 6 (6 of 10) 1 7 (7 of 10) 2 8 (8 of 10) 50 NA NA v312. Achievement: Late Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 10) 14 2 (2 of 10) 16 3 (3 of 10) 8 4 (4 of 10) 46 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 47 6 (6 of 10) 3 7 (7 of 10) 22 8 (8 of 10) 5 9 (9 of 10) 24 NA NA v313. Achievement: Late Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=152; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 2 1 (1 of 10) 7 2 (2 of 10) 16 3 (3 of 10) 8 4 (4 of 10) 50 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 45 6 (6 of 10) 4 7 (7 of 10) 18 8 (8 of 10) 2 9 (9 of 10) 34 NA NA v314. Industry: Early Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=166; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 4 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 10 1 (1 of 10) 83 2 (2 of 10) 28 3 (3 of 10) 14 4 (4 of 10) 20 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 6 6 (6 of 10) 1 8 (8 of 10) 20 NA NA v315. Industry: Early Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=165; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 3 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 3 1 (1 of 10) 62 2 (2 of 10) 35 3 (3 of 10) 13 4 (4 of 10) 35 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 14 6 (6 of 10) 21 NA NA v316. Industry: Late Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=175; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 10) 10 2 (2 of 10) 17 3 (3 of 10) 16 4 (4 of 10) 69 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 37 6 (6 of 10) 3 7 (7 of 10) 19 8 (8 of 10) 3 9 (9 of 10) 11 NA NA v317. Industry: Late Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=175; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 4 2 (2 of 10) 11 3 (3 of 10) 6 4 (4 of 10) 41 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 63 6 (6 of 10) 8 7 (7 of 10) 38 8 (8 of 10) 4 9 (9 of 10) 11 NA NA v318. Responsibility: Early Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=151; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 11 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 8 1 (1 of 10) 73 2 (2 of 10) 23 3 (3 of 10) 6 4 (4 of 10) 21 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 8 6 (6 of 10) 1 8 (8 of 10) 35 NA NA v319. Responsibility: Early Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=150; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 4 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 5 1 (1 of 10) 63 2 (2 of 10) 32 3 (3 of 10) 5 4 (4 of 10) 33 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 7 6 (6 of 10) 1 8 (8 of 10) 36 NA NA v320. Responsibility: Late Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 3 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 15 2 (2 of 10) 20 3 (3 of 10) 15 4 (4 of 10) 49 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 37 6 (6 of 10) 2 7 (7 of 10) 19 8 (8 of 10) 1 9 (9 of 10) 25 NA NA v321. Responsibility: Late Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=158; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 3 2 (2 of 10) 11 3 (3 of 10) 12 4 (4 of 10) 50 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 51 6 (6 of 10) 3 7 (7 of 10) 28 8 (8 of 10) 28 NA NA v322. Obedience: Early Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 2 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 3 1 (1 of 10) 27 2 (2 of 10) 11 3 (3 of 10) 14 4 (4 of 10) 45 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 27 6 (6 of 10) 2 7 (7 of 10) 22 8 (8 of 10) 4 9 (9 of 10) 3 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 26 NA NA v323. Obedience: Early Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 3 1 (1 of 10) 23 2 (2 of 10) 13 3 (3 of 10) 11 4 (4 of 10) 44 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 31 6 (6 of 10) 2 7 (7 of 10) 25 8 (8 of 10) 5 9 (9 of 10) 4 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 25 NA NA v324. Obedience: Late Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 1 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 1 1 (1 of 10) 15 2 (2 of 10) 10 3 (3 of 10) 12 4 (4 of 10) 45 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 33 6 (6 of 10) 2 7 (7 of 10) 32 8 (8 of 10) 8 9 (9 of 10) 3 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 24 NA NA v325. Obedience: Late Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 10 2 (2 of 10) 10 3 (3 of 10) 11 4 (4 of 10) 45 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 36 6 (6 of 10) 3 7 (7 of 10) 32 8 (8 of 10) 11 9 (9 of 10) 4 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 24 NA NA v326. Self-restraint: Early Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=134; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 6 1 (1 of 10) 38 2 (2 of 10) 35 3 (3 of 10) 5 4 (4 of 10) 29 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 13 6 (6 of 10) 8 8 (8 of 10) 52 NA NA v327. Self-restraint: Early Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=133; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 7 1 (1 of 10) 32 2 (2 of 10) 31 3 (3 of 10) 7 4 (4 of 10) 34 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 14 6 (6 of 10) 7 8 (8 of 10) 1 9 (9 of 10) 53 NA NA v328. Self-restraint: Late Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 10) 19 2 (2 of 10) 19 3 (3 of 10) 12 4 (4 of 10) 35 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 26 6 (6 of 10) 2 7 (7 of 10) 20 8 (8 of 10) 1 9 (9 of 10) 51 NA NA v329. Self-restraint: Late Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=132; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 10) 16 2 (2 of 10) 16 3 (3 of 10) 11 4 (4 of 10) 45 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 26 6 (6 of 10) 1 7 (7 of 10) 13 8 (8 of 10) 3 9 (9 of 10) 54 NA NA v330. Sexual Restraint: Early Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 1 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 14 1 (1 of 10) 67 2 (2 of 10) 22 3 (3 of 10) 14 4 (4 of 10) 30 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 7 6 (6 of 10) 1 8 (8 of 10) 30 NA NA v331. Sexual Restraint: Early Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=154; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 11 1 (1 of 10) 57 2 (2 of 10) 19 3 (3 of 10) 14 4 (4 of 10) 32 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 14 6 (6 of 10) 1 7 (7 of 10) 5 8 (8 of 10) 32 NA NA v332. Sexual Restraint: Late Boy { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=164; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 7 1 (1 of 10) 41 2 (2 of 10) 27 3 (3 of 10) 25 4 (4 of 10) 41 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 15 6 (6 of 10) 2 7 (7 of 10) 6 8 (8 of 10) 22 NA NA v333. Sexual Restraint: Late Girl { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=165; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 4 1 (1 of 10) 32 2 (2 of 10) 18 3 (3 of 10) 25 4 (4 of 10) 24 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 27 6 (6 of 10) 6 7 (7 of 10) 18 8 (8 of 10) 5 9 (9 of 10) 6 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 21 NA NA v334. Generosity { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=104; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 10) 4 2 (2 of 10) 6 3 (3 of 10) 4 4 (4 of 10) 24 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 31 6 (6 of 10) 2 7 (7 of 10) 27 8 (8 of 10) 4 9 (9 of 10) 1 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 82 NA NA v335. Trust { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=138; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 1 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 6 1 (1 of 10) 19 2 (2 of 10) 5 3 (3 of 10) 15 4 (4 of 10) 34 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 18 6 (6 of 10) 11 7 (7 of 10) 25 8 (8 of 10) 3 9 (9 of 10) 1 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 48 NA NA v336. Honesty { (Higher values represent stronger inculcation) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 1 0 no inculcation, or opposite trait (0 of 10) 5 1 (1 of 10) 18 2 (2 of 10) 15 3 (3 of 10) 13 4 (4 of 10) 28 5 moderately strong inculcation (5 of 10) 15 6 (6 of 10) 5 7 (7 of 10) 8 8 (8 of 10) 1 9 (9 of 10) 1 10 extremely strong inculcation (10 of 10) 76 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Barry, Herbert,III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall. 1977. Agents and Techniques for Child Training: Cross-Cultural Codes 6. Ethnology 16: 191-230 ----------------------------------------------------------- v337. Importance of Non-family Companions: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 1 Parents predominantly 11 2 Siblings; not other children 104 3 Primarily siblings, secondarily other children 45 4 Primarily other children, secondarily siblings 18 5 Other children; not siblings 6 NA NA v338. Importance of Non-family Companions: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 1 Parents predominantly 12 2 Siblings; not other children 105 3 Primarily siblings, secondarily other children 44 4 Primarily other children, secondarily siblings 17 5 Other children; not siblings 6 NA NA v339. Importance of Non-family Companions: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Parents predominantly 3 2 Siblings; not other children 80 3 Primarily siblings, secondarily other children 47 4 Primarily other children, secondarily siblings 49 5 Other children; not siblings 6 NA NA v340. Importance of Non-family Companions: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=178; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Parents predominantly 8 2 Siblings; not other children 91 3 Primarily siblings, secondarily other children 37 4 Primarily other children, secondarily siblings 41 5 Other children; not siblings 8 NA NA v341. Sex of Companions: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 6 1 Male exclusively 62 2 Male predominantly 111 3 Both sexes equally 1 4 Female predominantly 6 NA NA v342. Sex of Companions: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 112 3 Both sexes equally 62 4 Female predominantly 6 5 Female exclusively 6 NA NA v343. Sex of Companions: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 58 1 Male exclusively 90 2 Male predominantly 31 3 Both sexes equally 1 4 Female predominantly 6 NA NA v344. Sex of Companions: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=178; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 2 Male predominantly 32 3 Both sexes equally 84 4 Female predominantly 61 5 Female exclusively 8 NA NA v345. Importance of Non-parent in Residence: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 56 1 Exclusively parental 63 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 7 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 39 4 Single category that typical and frequent but less important than parents 14 5 Two or more categories, at least oneof which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 3 6 More typical and frequent than parents 4 NA NA v346. Importance of Non-parent in Residence: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 62 1 Exclusively parental 67 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 10 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 28 4 Single category that typical and frequent but less important than parents 12 5 Two or more categories, at least oneof which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 3 6 More typical and frequent than parents 4 NA NA v347. Importance of Non-parent in Residence: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 44 1 Exclusively parental 52 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 4 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 34 4 Single category that typical and frequent but less important than parents 19 5 Two or more categories, at least oneof which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 5 6 More typical and frequent than parents 24 7 Exclusively non-parental 4 NA NA v348. Importance of Non-parent in Residence: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 48 1 Exclusively parental 67 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 11 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 25 4 Single category that typical and frequent but less important than parents 14 5 Two or more categories, at least oneof which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 3 6 More typical and frequent than parents 14 7 Exclusively non-parental 4 NA NA v349. Principal Category of Non-parental Agent: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=126; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 100 1 Foster parent 7 3 Grandparent 4 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 10 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 2 6 Child 3 7 Nonrelative 60 NA NA v350. Principal Category of Non-parental Agent: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=120; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 90 1 Foster parent 9 3 Grandparent 2 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 7 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 3 6 Child 9 7 Nonrelative 66 NA NA v351. Principal Category of Non-parental Agent: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=138; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 77 1 Foster parent 4 3 Grandparent 5 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 15 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 21 6 Child 12 7 Nonrelative 4 9 Independence of child; no agent 48 NA NA v352. Principal Category of Non-parental Agent: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 74 1 Foster parent 12 3 Grandparent 2 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 13 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 10 6 Child 23 7 Nonrelative 1 9 Independence of child; no agent 51 NA NA v353. Sex of Parents in Residence: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 2 2 Male predominantly 135 3 Both sexes equally 22 4 Female predominantly 23 5 Female exclusively 4 NA NA v354. Sex of Parents in Residence: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 2 Male predominantly 135 3 Both sexes equally 21 4 Female predominantly 25 5 Female exclusively 4 NA NA v355. Sex of Parents in Residence: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=158; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 9 1 Male exclusively 1 2 Male predominantly 124 3 Both sexes equally 13 4 Female predominantly 11 5 Female exclusively 28 NA NA v356. Sex of Parents in Residence: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 2 Male predominantly 127 3 Both sexes equally 16 4 Female predominantly 24 5 Female exclusively 18 NA NA v357. Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=125; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 8 1 Male exclusively 1 2 Male predominantly 114 3 Both sexes equally 2 5 Female exclusively 61 NA NA v358. Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=121; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 4 1 Male exclusively 107 3 Both sexes equally 1 4 Female predominantly 9 5 Female exclusively 65 NA NA v359. Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=134; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 33 1 Male exclusively 1 2 Male predominantly 98 3 Both sexes equally 2 5 Female exclusively 52 NA NA v360. Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=133; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 9 1 Male exclusively 1 2 Male predominantly 105 3 Both sexes equally 18 5 Female exclusively 53 NA NA v361. Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 33 1 Exclusively parental 19 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 21 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 26 4 Single category that typical and frequent but less important than parents 57 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 17 6 More typical and frequent than parents 6 7 Exclusively non-parental 7 NA NA v362. Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 35 1 Exclusively parental 19 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 21 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 24 4 Single category that typical and frequent but less important than parents 59 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 17 6 More typical and frequent than parents 5 7 Exclusively non-parental 6 NA NA v363. Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 34 1 Exclusively parental 13 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 17 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 24 4 Single category that typical and frequent but less important than parents 35 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 9 6 More typical and frequent than parents 28 7 Exclusively non-parental 26 NA NA v364. Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 39 1 Exclusively parental 14 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 19 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 22 4 Single category that typical and frequent but less important than parents 41 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 10 6 More typical and frequent than parents 18 7 Exclusively non-parental 23 NA NA v365. Principal Category of Non-parental Caretaker: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=146; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 58 2 Sibling 38 3 Grandparent 4 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 18 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 4 6 Child 22 7 Nonrelative 1 8 Teacher 1 9 No agent 40 NA NA v366. Principal Category of Non-parental Caretaker: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=145; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 59 2 Sibling 39 3 Grandparent 1 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 17 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 4 6 Child 24 7 Nonrelative 1 9 No agent 41 NA NA v367. Principal Category of Non-parental Caretaker: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=127; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 40 2 Sibling 26 3 Grandparent 2 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 13 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 4 6 Child 18 7 Nonrelative 1 8 Teacher 23 9 No agent 59 NA NA v368. Principal Category of Non-parental Caretaker: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=123; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 42 2 Sibling 32 3 Grandparent 2 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 14 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 2 6 Child 19 7 Nonrelative 1 8 Teacher 11 9 No agent 63 NA NA v369. Sex of Parental Caretakers: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=173; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Male exclusively 4 2 Male predominantly 26 3 Both sexes equally 38 4 Female predominantly 104 5 Female exclusively 13 NA NA v370. Sex of Parental Caretakers: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=175; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 1 Male exclusively 2 2 Male predominantly 25 3 Both sexes equally 29 4 Female predominantly 117 5 Female exclusively 11 NA NA v371. Sex of Parental Caretakers: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=132; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 11 1 Male exclusively 3 2 Male predominantly 17 3 Both sexes equally 22 4 Female predominantly 79 5 Female exclusively 54 NA NA v372. Sex of Parental Caretakers: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=145; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 1 Male exclusively 1 2 Male predominantly 17 3 Both sexes equally 22 4 Female predominantly 103 5 Female exclusively 41 NA NA v373. Sex of Principal Non-parental Caretakers: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=145; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 5 1 Male exclusively 4 2 Male predominantly 59 3 Both sexes equally 12 4 Female predominantly 65 5 Female exclusively 41 NA NA v374. Sex of Principal Non-parental Caretakers: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=144; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 1 Male exclusively 2 2 Male predominantly 54 3 Both sexes equally 11 4 Female predominantly 75 5 Female exclusively 42 NA NA v375. Sex of Principal Non-parental Caretakers: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=103; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 11 1 Male exclusively 1 2 Male predominantly 43 3 Both sexes equally 7 4 Female predominantly 41 5 Female exclusively 83 NA NA v376. Sex of Principal Non-parental Caretakers: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=111; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 3 1 Male exclusively 1 2 Male predominantly 42 3 Both sexes equally 6 4 Female predominantly 59 5 Female exclusively 75 NA NA v377. Non-parental Involvement in Authority: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=175; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 61 1 Exclusively parental 13 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 8 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 45 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 34 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 11 6 More typical and frequent than parents 3 7 Exclusively non-parental 11 NA NA v378. Non-parental Involvement in Authority: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=176; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 67 1 Exclusively parental 15 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 10 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 42 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 30 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 9 6 More typical and frequent than parents 3 7 Exclusively non-parental 10 NA NA v379. Non-parental Involvement in Authority: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 49 1 Exclusively parental 12 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 5 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 38 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 33 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 10 6 More typical and frequent than parents 25 7 Exclusively non-parental 14 NA NA v380. Non-parental Involvement in Authority: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=176; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 62 1 Exclusively parental 13 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 9 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 41 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 28 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 7 6 More typical and frequent than parents 16 7 Exclusively non-parental 10 NA NA v381. Principal Non-parental Authority Figures: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=114; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 33 2 Sibling 26 3 Grandparent 17 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 24 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 3 6 Child 9 7 Nonrelative 1 8 Teacher 1 9 Independence of child; no agent 72 NA NA v382. Principal Non-parental Authority Figures: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=109; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 34 2 Sibling 28 3 Grandparent 12 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 23 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 1 6 Child 9 7 Nonrelative 1 8 Teacher 1 9 Independence of child; no agent 77 NA NA v383. Principal Non-parental Authority Figures: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=123; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 32 2 Sibling 22 3 Grandparent 15 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 19 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 9 6 Child 17 7 Nonrelative 7 8 Teacher 2 9 Independence of child; no agent 63 NA NA v384. Principal Non-parental Authority Figures: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=114; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 32 2 Sibling 26 3 Grandparent 8 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 22 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 4 6 Child 15 7 Nonrelative 5 8 Teacher 2 9 Independence of child; no agent 72 NA NA v385. Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 36 1 Male exclusively 66 2 Male predominantly 55 3 Both sexes equally 8 4 Female predominantly 7 5 Female exclusively 14 NA NA v386. Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=173; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 17 1 Male exclusively 58 2 Male predominantly 59 3 Both sexes equally 20 4 Female predominantly 19 5 Female exclusively 13 NA NA v387. Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=147; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 43 1 Male exclusively 53 2 Male predominantly 43 3 Both sexes equally 3 4 Female predominantly 5 5 Female exclusively 39 NA NA v388. Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 17 1 Male exclusively 50 2 Male predominantly 52 3 Both sexes equally 20 4 Female predominantly 21 5 Female exclusively 26 NA NA v389. Sex of Principal Non-parental Authority Figures: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=113; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 66 1 Male exclusively 4 2 Male predominantly 37 3 Both sexes equally 2 4 Female predominantly 4 5 Female exclusively 73 NA NA v390. Sex of Principal Non-parental Authority Figures: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=108; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 48 1 Male exclusively 5 2 Male predominantly 35 3 Both sexes equally 2 4 Female predominantly 18 5 Female exclusively 78 NA NA v391. Sex of Principal Non-parental Authority Figures: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=121; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 80 1 Male exclusively 6 2 Male predominantly 29 3 Both sexes equally 2 4 Female predominantly 4 5 Female exclusively 65 NA NA v392. Sex of Principal Non-parental Authority Figures: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=108; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 38 1 Male exclusively 5 2 Male predominantly 31 3 Both sexes equally 4 4 Female predominantly 30 5 Female exclusively 78 NA NA v393. Non-parental Involvement in Discipline: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=76; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 34 1 Exclusively parental 2 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 3 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 12 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 14 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 3 6 More typical and frequent than parents 8 7 Exclusively non-parental 110 NA NA v394. Non-parental Involvement in Discipline: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=74; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 32 1 Exclusively parental 3 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 2 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 11 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 13 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 3 6 More typical and frequent than parents 10 7 Exclusively non-parental 112 NA NA v395. Non-parental Involvement in Discipline: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 25 1 Exclusively parental 2 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 3 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 18 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 12 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 4 6 More typical and frequent than parents 13 7 Exclusively non-parental 109 NA NA v396. Non-parental Involvement in Discipline: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=73; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 28 1 Exclusively parental 6 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 2 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 14 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 8 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 3 6 More typical and frequent than parents 12 7 Exclusively non-parental 113 NA NA v397. Principal Non-parental Disciplinarians: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 12 2 Sibling 6 3 Grandparent 4 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 5 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 2 6 Child 8 7 Nonrelative 2 8 Teacher 3 9 Independence of child; no agent 144 NA NA v398. Principal Non-parental Disciplinarians: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 13 2 Sibling 7 3 Grandparent 3 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 5 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 2 6 Child 7 7 Nonrelative 2 8 Teacher 3 9 Independence of child; no agent 144 NA NA v399. Principal Non-parental Disciplinarians: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 10 2 Sibling 6 3 Grandparent 3 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 5 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 7 6 Child 9 7 Nonrelative 9 8 Teacher 3 9 Independence of child; no agent 134 NA NA v400. Principal Non-parental Disciplinarians: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 13 2 Sibling 5 3 Grandparent 3 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 5 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 1 6 Child 10 7 Nonrelative 5 8 Teacher 3 9 Independence of child; no agent 141 NA NA v401. Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Early Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=68; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 18 1 Male exclusively 9 2 Male predominantly 21 3 Both sexes equally 6 4 Female predominantly 14 5 Female exclusively 118 NA NA v402. Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Early Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=64; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 8 1 Male exclusively 7 2 Male predominantly 21 3 Both sexes equally 7 4 Female predominantly 21 5 Female exclusively 122 NA NA v403. Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Late Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=64; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 24 1 Male exclusively 8 2 Male predominantly 18 3 Both sexes equally 2 4 Female predominantly 12 5 Female exclusively 122 NA NA v404. Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Late Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=61; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 7 1 Male exclusively 6 2 Male predominantly 18 3 Both sexes equally 7 4 Female predominantly 23 5 Female exclusively 125 NA NA v405. Sex of Principal Non-parental Disciplinarians: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 13 1 Male exclusively 1 2 Male predominantly 20 3 Both sexes equally 5 5 Female exclusively 147 NA NA v406. Sex of Principal Non-parental Disciplinarians: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 7 1 Male exclusively 21 3 Both sexes equally 1 4 Female predominantly 10 5 Female exclusively 147 NA NA v407. Sex of Principal Non-parental Disciplinarians: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=49; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 24 1 Male exclusively 1 2 Male predominantly 20 3 Both sexes equally 4 5 Female exclusively 137 NA NA v408. Sex of Principal Non-parental Disciplinarians: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 9 1 Male exclusively 21 3 Both sexes equally 12 5 Female exclusively 144 NA NA v409. Non-parental Involvement in Education: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=176; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 36 1 Exclusively parental 18 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 7 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 26 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 46 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 30 6 More typical and frequent than parents 13 7 Exclusively non-parental 10 NA NA v410. Non-parental Involvement in Education: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=176; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 51 1 Exclusively parental 16 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 10 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 30 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 42 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 21 6 More typical and frequent than parents 6 7 Exclusively non-parental 10 NA NA v411. Non-parental Involvement in Education: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=177; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 23 1 Exclusively parental 16 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 7 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 31 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 50 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 29 6 More typical and frequent than parents 21 7 Exclusively non-parental 9 NA NA v412. Non-parental Involvement in Education: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=177; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 53 1 Exclusively parental 16 2 Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent 7 3 Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent 26 4 Single category typical and frequent but less important than parents 44 5 Two or more categories, at least one of which typical and frequent, but less important than parents 15 6 More typical and frequent than parents 16 7 Exclusively non-parental 9 NA NA v413. Principal Category of Non-parental Educators: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=139; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 28 2 Sibling 18 3 Grandparent 7 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 19 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 37 6 Child 21 7 Nonrelative 9 8 Teacher 47 NA NA v414. Principal Category of Non-parental Educators: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=125; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 28 2 Sibling 23 3 Grandparent 2 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 20 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 28 6 Child 20 7 Nonrelative 4 8 Teacher 61 NA NA v415. Principal Category of Non-parental Educators: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=153; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 21 2 Sibling 13 3 Grandparent 11 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 13 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 26 6 Child 34 7 Nonrelative 35 8 Teacher 33 NA NA v416. Principal Category of Non-parental Educators: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=124; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 21 2 Sibling 15 3 Grandparent 1 4 Uncle (mothers brother only) 19 5 Relative (including fathers brother) 13 6 Child 33 7 Nonrelative 22 8 Teacher 62 NA NA v417. Sex of Parental Educators: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 58 1 Male exclusively 27 2 Male predominantly 51 3 Both sexes equally 17 4 Female predominantly 10 5 Female exclusively 23 NA NA v418. Sex of Parental Educators: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 4 1 Male exclusively 2 2 Male predominantly 40 3 Both sexes equally 20 4 Female predominantly 104 5 Female exclusively 16 NA NA v419. Sex of Parental Educators: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 117 1 Male exclusively 18 2 Male predominantly 14 3 Both sexes equally 3 4 Female predominantly 3 5 Female exclusively 31 NA NA v420. Sex of Parental Educators: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 3 1 Male exclusively 1 2 Male predominantly 11 3 Both sexes equally 12 4 Female predominantly 133 5 Female exclusively 26 NA NA v421. Sex of Principal Non-parental Educators: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=140; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 67 1 Male exclusively 6 2 Male predominantly 61 3 Both sexes equally 6 5 Female exclusively 46 NA NA v422. Sex of Principal Non-parental Educators: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=125; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 5 1 Male exclusively 1 2 Male predominantly 53 3 Both sexes equally 5 4 Female predominantly 61 5 Female exclusively 61 NA NA v423. Sex of Principal Non-parental Educators: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=154; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 106 1 Male exclusively 3 2 Male predominantly 42 3 Both sexes equally 3 5 Female exclusively 32 NA NA v424. Sex of Principal Non-parental Educators: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=124; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 7 1 Male exclusively 30 3 Both sexes equally 3 4 Female predominantly 84 5 Female exclusively 62 NA NA v425. Guidance or Formal Schooling: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=177; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 46 1 Informal training, with minimal guidance 20 2 Apprenticeship atypical or occasional 78 3 Apprenticeship typical and frequent but informal training more prevalent 8 4 Apprenticeship predominant 14 5 Formal schooling atypical or occasional 11 6 Formal schooling typical and frequent 9 NA NA v426. Guidance or Formal Schooling: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=177; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 47 1 Informal training, with minimal guidance 11 2 Apprenticeship atypical or occasional 88 3 Apprenticeship typical and frequent but informal training more prevalent 11 4 Apprenticeship predominant 10 5 Formal schooling atypical or occasional 10 6 Formal schooling typical and frequent 9 NA NA v427. Guidance or Formal Schooling: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=178; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 13 1 Informal training, with minimal guidance 6 2 Apprenticeship atypical or occasional 42 3 Apprenticeship typical and frequent but informal training more prevalent 43 4 Apprenticeship predominant 33 5 Formal schooling atypical or occasional 41 6 Formal schooling typical and frequent 8 NA NA v428. Guidance or Formal Schooling: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=178; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 16 1 Informal training, with minimal guidance 3 2 Apprenticeship atypical or occasional 55 3 Apprenticeship typical and frequent but informal training more prevalent 47 4 Apprenticeship predominant 32 5 Formal schooling atypical or occasional 25 6 Formal schooling typical and frequent 8 NA NA v429. Use of Example: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=152; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 25 6 Children are expected to do things more or less by example 22 7 7 2 8 8 79 9 Children frequently shown example; consi- dered very important in socializing child 21 10 10 3 11 Example given as most important method of education, or adults are constantly showing children how to do things. 34 NA NA v430. Use of Example: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=153; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 24 6 Children are expected to do things more or less by example 23 7 7 2 8 8 79 9 Children frequently shown example; consi- dered very important in socializing child 22 10 10 3 11 Example given as most important method of education, or adults are constantly showing children how to do things. 33 NA NA v431. Use of Example: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=153; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 20 6 Children are expected to do things more or less by example 23 7 7 2 8 8 83 9 Children frequently shown example; consi- dered very important in socializing child 22 10 10 3 11 Example given as most important method of education, or adults are constantly showing children how to do things. 33 NA NA v432. Use of Example: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 20 6 Children are expected to do things more or less by example 23 7 7 2 8 8 84 9 Children frequently shown example; consi- dered very important in socializing child 23 10 10 3 11 Example given as most important method of education, or adults are constantly showing children how to do things. 31 NA NA v433. Control by Public Opinion: Early Boys { (higher values indicate that approval by people serves as a stronger control of the behavior of children) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 3 3 (3 of 11) 2 4 (4 of 11) 2 5 (5 of 11) 20 6 (6 of 11) 28 7 (7 of 11) 2 8 (8 of 11) 30 9 (9 of 11) 4 10 (10 of 11) 95 NA NA v434. Control by Public Opinion: Early Girls { (higher values indicate that approval by people serves as a stronger control of the behavior of children) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 3 3 (3 of 11) 2 4 (4 of 11) 2 5 (5 of 11) 20 6 (6 of 11) 28 7 (7 of 11) 2 8 (8 of 11) 30 9 (9 of 11) 5 10 (10 of 11) 94 NA NA v435. Control by Public Opinion: Late Boys { (higher values indicate that approval by people serves as a stronger control of the behavior of children) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=95; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 2 3 (3 of 11) 2 4 (4 of 11) 2 5 (5 of 11) 21 6 (6 of 11) 29 7 (7 of 11) 2 8 (8 of 11) 33 9 (9 of 11) 4 10 (10 of 11) 91 NA NA v436. Control by Public Opinion: Late Girls { (higher values indicate that approval by people serves as a stronger control of the behavior of children) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=94; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 2 3 (3 of 11) 2 4 (4 of 11) 2 5 (5 of 11) 20 6 (6 of 11) 30 7 (7 of 11) 2 8 (8 of 11) 31 9 (9 of 11) 5 10 (10 of 11) 92 NA NA v437. Lecturing: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=137; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 11) 10 3 (3 of 11) 10 4 (4 of 11) 7 5 (5 of 11) 48 6 Often, but not constant lectures / myths (6 of 11) 25 7 (7 of 11) 4 8 (8 of 11) 22 9 Almost daily (9 of 11) 6 10 (10 of 11) 4 11 Constant and one of the most important methods used in socializing child (11 of 11) 49 NA NA v438. Lecturing: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=134; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 10 3 (3 of 11) 11 4 (4 of 11) 8 5 (5 of 11) 46 6 Often, but not constant lectures / myths (6 of 11) 24 7 (7 of 11) 4 8 (8 of 11) 22 9 Almost daily (9 of 11) 5 10 (10 of 11) 4 11 Constant and one of the most important methods used in socializing child (11 of 11) 52 NA NA v439. Lecturing: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=141; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 6 3 (3 of 11) 9 4 (4 of 11) 6 5 (5 of 11) 44 6 Often, but not constant lectures / myths (6 of 11) 31 7 (7 of 11) 5 8 (8 of 11) 29 9 Almost daily (9 of 11) 8 10 (10 of 11) 3 11 Constant and one of the most important methods used in socializing child (11 of 11) 45 NA NA v440. Lecturing: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=139; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 6 3 (3 of 11) 10 4 (4 of 11) 8 5 (5 of 11) 42 6 Often, but not constant lectures / myths (6 of 11) 28 7 (7 of 11) 5 8 (8 of 11) 29 9 Almost daily (9 of 11) 7 10 (10 of 11) 4 11 Constant and one of the most important methods used in socializing child (11 of 11) 47 NA NA v441. Teasing: Early Boys { (higher values indicate greater social control due to shaming and exposure to ridicule for misconduct) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 9 3 (3 of 11) 8 4 (4 of 11) 4 5 (5 of 11) 34 6 (6 of 11) 24 7 (7 of 11) 2 8 (8 of 11) 19 9 (9 of 11) 1 10 (10 of 11) 85 NA NA v442. Teasing: Early Girls { (higher values indicate greater social control due to shaming and exposure to ridicule for misconduct) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 8 3 (3 of 11) 10 4 (4 of 11) 4 5 (5 of 11) 33 6 (6 of 11) 23 7 (7 of 11) 2 8 (8 of 11) 20 9 (9 of 11) 1 10 (10 of 11) 85 NA NA v443. Teasing: Late Boys { (higher values indicate greater social control due to shaming and exposure to ridicule for misconduct) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=113; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 5 3 (3 of 11) 8 4 (4 of 11) 4 5 (5 of 11) 39 6 (6 of 11) 31 7 (7 of 11) 2 8 (8 of 11) 23 9 (9 of 11) 1 10 (10 of 11) 73 NA NA v444. Teasing: Late Girls { (higher values indicate greater social control due to shaming and exposure to ridicule for misconduct) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=112; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 5 3 (3 of 11) 9 4 (4 of 11) 4 5 (5 of 11) 38 6 (6 of 11) 30 7 (7 of 11) 2 8 (8 of 11) 23 9 (9 of 11) 1 10 (10 of 11) 74 NA NA v445. Scolding: Early Boys { (higher values indicate greater social control by verbal reprimands, nagging, scolding for misbehavior) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 2 1 (1 of 11) 3 2 (2 of 11) 11 3 (3 of 11) 8 4 (4 of 11) 9 5 (5 of 11) 54 6 (6 of 11) 15 7 (7 of 11) 1 8 (8 of 11) 7 9 (9 of 11) 76 NA NA v446. Scolding: Early Girls { (higher values indicate greater social control by verbal reprimands, nagging, scolding for misbehavior) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=112; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 2 1 (1 of 11) 2 2 (2 of 11) 13 3 (3 of 11) 7 4 (4 of 11) 9 5 (5 of 11) 54 6 (6 of 11) 16 7 (7 of 11) 1 8 (8 of 11) 8 9 (9 of 11) 74 NA NA v447. Scolding: Late Boys { (higher values indicate greater social control by verbal reprimands, nagging, scolding for misbehavior) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=115; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 2 1 (1 of 11) 1 2 (2 of 11) 8 3 (3 of 11) 8 4 (4 of 11) 10 5 (5 of 11) 51 6 (6 of 11) 19 7 (7 of 11) 13 9 (9 of 11) 2 10 (10 of 11) 1 11 (11 of 11) 71 NA NA v448. Scolding: Late Girls { (higher values indicate greater social control by verbal reprimands, nagging, scolding for misbehavior) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=117; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 2 1 (1 of 11) 1 2 (2 of 11) 9 3 (3 of 11) 7 4 (4 of 11) 9 5 (5 of 11) 51 6 (6 of 11) 21 7 (7 of 11) 14 9 (9 of 11) 2 10 (10 of 11) 1 11 (11 of 11) 69 NA NA v449. Warning: Early Boys { (higher values indicate greater social control through threats of punishment by supernatural beings or strangers) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=99; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 4 3 (3 of 11) 3 4 (4 of 11) 4 5 (5 of 11) 29 6 (6 of 11) 38 7 (7 of 11) 1 8 (8 of 11) 14 9 (9 of 11) 6 10 (10 of 11) 87 NA NA v450. Warning: Early Girls { (higher values indicate greater social control through threats of punishment by supernatural beings or strangers) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=99; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 4 3 (3 of 11) 3 4 (4 of 11) 4 5 (5 of 11) 29 6 (6 of 11) 38 7 (7 of 11) 1 8 (8 of 11) 14 9 (9 of 11) 6 10 (10 of 11) 87 NA NA v451. Warning: Late Boys { (higher values indicate greater social control through threats of punishment by supernatural beings or strangers) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=100; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 2 (2 of 11) 5 3 (3 of 11) 4 4 (4 of 11) 4 5 (5 of 11) 32 6 (6 of 11) 36 7 (7 of 11) 1 8 (8 of 11) 11 9 (9 of 11) 6 10 (10 of 11) 86 NA NA v452. Warning: Late Girls { (higher values indicate greater social control through threats of punishment by supernatural beings or strangers) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=100; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 2 (2 of 11) 5 3 (3 of 11) 4 4 (4 of 11) 4 5 (5 of 11) 32 6 (6 of 11) 36 7 (7 of 11) 1 8 (8 of 11) 11 9 (9 of 11) 6 10 (10 of 11) 86 NA NA v453. Corporal Punishment: Early Boys { (higher values represent greater social control through whipping and any other pain-inflicting treatment) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=145; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 10 1 (1 of 11) 6 2 (2 of 11) 34 3 (3 of 11) 18 4 (4 of 11) 11 5 (5 of 11) 39 6 (6 of 11) 20 7 (7 of 11) 3 9 (9 of 11) 3 10 (10 of 11) 1 11 (11 of 11) 41 NA NA v454. Corporal Punishment: Early Girls { (higher values represent greater social control through whipping and any other pain-inflicting treatment) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=140; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 10 1 (1 of 11) 6 2 (2 of 11) 35 3 (3 of 11) 18 4 (4 of 11) 11 5 (5 of 11) 37 6 (6 of 11) 16 7 (7 of 11) 3 9 (9 of 11) 3 10 (10 of 11) 1 11 (11 of 11) 46 NA NA v455. Corporal Punishment: Late Boys { (higher values represent greater social control through whipping and any other pain-inflicting treatment) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=147; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 9 1 (1 of 11) 4 2 (2 of 11) 29 3 (3 of 11) 15 4 (4 of 11) 8 5 (5 of 11) 41 6 (6 of 11) 17 7 (7 of 11) 1 8 (8 of 11) 18 9 (9 of 11) 4 10 (10 of 11) 1 11 (11 of 11) 39 NA NA v456. Corporal Punishment: Late Girls { (higher values represent greater social control through whipping and any other pain-inflicting treatment) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=142; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 9 1 (1 of 11) 4 2 (2 of 11) 30 3 (3 of 11) 15 4 (4 of 11) 9 5 (5 of 11) 39 6 (6 of 11) 16 7 (7 of 11) 1 8 (8 of 11) 16 9 (9 of 11) 2 10 (10 of 11) 1 11 (11 of 11) 44 NA NA v457. Ceremonies for Children: Early Boys { (higher values indicate more ceremonies exclusively for the children of this age and sex) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=132; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 3 1 (1 of 9) 1 2 (2 of 9) 48 3 (3 of 9) 20 4 (4 of 9) 6 5 (5 of 9) 38 6 (6 of 9) 13 7 (7 of 9) 3 9 (9 of 9) 54 NA NA v458. Ceremonies for Children: Early Girls { (higher values indicate more ceremonies exclusively for the children of this age and sex) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=124; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 4 1 (1 of 9) 5 2 (2 of 9) 47 3 (3 of 9) 22 4 (4 of 9) 5 5 (5 of 9) 26 6 (6 of 9) 11 7 (7 of 9) 4 9 (9 of 9) 62 NA NA v459. Ceremonies for Children: Late Boys { (higher values indicate more ceremonies exclusively for the children of this age and sex) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=146; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 9) 20 3 (3 of 9) 18 4 (4 of 9) 5 5 (5 of 9) 61 6 (6 of 9) 32 7 (7 of 9) 1 8 (8 of 9) 8 9 (9 of 9) 40 NA NA v460. Ceremonies for Children: Late Girls { (higher values indicate more ceremonies exclusively for the children of this age and sex) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=131; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 2 2 (2 of 9) 32 3 (3 of 9) 25 4 (4 of 9) 9 5 (5 of 9) 42 6 (6 of 9) 13 7 (7 of 9) 8 9 (9 of 9) 55 NA NA v461. Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Early Boys { (higher values indicate greater social control by rewards for approved behaviors, e.g., gifts or conferring of privileges) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=141; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 24 2 (2 of 8) 18 3 (3 of 8) 8 4 (4 of 8) 65 5 (5 of 8) 22 6 (6 of 8) 4 8 (8 of 8) 45 NA NA v462. Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Early Girls { (higher values indicate greater social control by rewards for approved behaviors, e.g., gifts or conferring of privileges) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=136; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 20 2 (2 of 8) 22 3 (3 of 8) 8 4 (4 of 8) 61 5 (5 of 8) 19 6 (6 of 8) 6 8 (8 of 8) 50 NA NA v463. Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Late Boys { (higher values indicate greater social control by rewards for approved behaviors, e.g., gifts or conferring of privileges) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=145; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 17 2 (2 of 8) 19 3 (3 of 8) 8 4 (4 of 8) 72 5 (5 of 8) 23 6 (6 of 8) 6 8 (8 of 8) 41 NA NA v464. Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Late Girls { (higher values indicate greater social control by rewards for approved behaviors, e.g., gifts or conferring of privileges) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=143; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 17 2 (2 of 8) 23 3 (3 of 8) 8 4 (4 of 8) 66 5 (5 of 8) 21 6 (6 of 8) 8 8 (8 of 8) 43 NA NA v465. Permissiveness: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=169; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 0 Harsh socialization by parents or other authority figures with severe punishment (0 of 10) 1 1 (1 of 10) 4 2 Generally harsh treatment, not extreme (2 of 10) 9 3 (3 of 10) 12 4 (4 of 10) 31 5 Generally moderate or balanced degree of both harshness and permissiveness (5 of 10) 37 6 (6 of 10) 31 7 (7 of 10) 28 8 Generally indulgent, not extreme (8 of 10) 15 9 (9 of 10) 17 NA NA v466. Permissiveness: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=167; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 0 Harsh socialization by parents or other authority figures with severe punishment (0 of 10) 1 1 (1 of 10) 7 2 Generally harsh treatment, not extreme (2 of 10) 7 3 (3 of 10) 17 4 (4 of 10) 37 5 Generally moderate or balanced degree of both harshness and permissiveness (5 of 10) 41 6 (6 of 10) 29 7 (7 of 10) 19 8 Generally indulgent, not extreme (8 of 10) 8 9 (9 of 10) 19 NA NA v467. Permissiveness: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 0 Harsh socialization by parents or other authority figures with severe punishment (0 of 10) 5 1 (1 of 10) 6 2 Generally harsh treatment, not extreme (2 of 10) 10 3 (3 of 10) 23 4 (4 of 10) 52 5 Generally moderate or balanced degree of both harshness and permissiveness (5 of 10) 32 6 (6 of 10) 14 7 (7 of 10) 15 8 Generally indulgent, not extreme (8 of 10) 10 9 (9 of 10) 18 NA NA v468. Permissiveness: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 0 Harsh socialization by parents or other authority figures with severe punishment (0 of 10) 7 1 (1 of 10) 8 2 Generally harsh treatment, not extreme (2 of 10) 13 3 (3 of 10) 31 4 (4 of 10) 61 5 Generally moderate or balanced degree of both harshness and permissiveness (5 of 10) 22 6 (6 of 10) 9 7 (7 of 10) 12 8 Generally indulgent, not extreme (8 of 10) 4 9 (9 of 10) 18 NA NA v469. Affection: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 6 2 Generally low expression of affection and attention 3 3 3 16 4 4 40 5 Moderate or sporadic expression of affection and attention 43 6 6 19 7 7 24 8 Consistent, occasional strong expression 4 9 9 31 NA NA v470. Affection: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 1 1 9 2 Generally low expression of affection and attention 3 3 3 19 4 4 35 5 Moderate or sporadic expression of affection and attention 41 6 6 21 7 7 22 8 Consistent, occasional strong expression 4 9 9 31 NA NA v471. Affection: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=154; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 10 2 Generally low expression of affection and attention 4 3 3 20 4 4 43 5 Moderate or sporadic expression of affection and attention 44 6 6 17 7 7 16 8 Consistent, occasional strong expression 32 NA NA v472. Affection: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=154; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 1 1 1 13 2 Generally low expression of affection and attention 4 3 3 24 4 4 37 5 Moderate or sporadic expression of affection and attention 42 6 6 19 7 7 14 8 Consistent, occasional strong expression 32 NA NA v473. Evaluation by Society: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 2 2 Only slight, sporadic expression of valuation of children 3 3 3 11 4 4 39 5 Moderate or occasionally strong expression of value of children 46 6 6 32 7 7 26 8 Strong, but no extreme valuation of children 13 9 9 14 NA NA v474. Evaluation by Society: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 1 1 7 2 Only slight, sporadic expression of valuation of children 9 3 3 23 4 4 30 5 Moderate or occasionally strong expression of value of children 50 6 6 25 7 7 18 8 Strong, but no extreme valuation of children 9 9 9 14 NA NA v475. Evaluation by Society: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 2 2 Only slight, sporadic expression of valuation of children 3 3 3 9 4 4 39 5 Moderate or occasionally strong expression of value of children 48 6 6 32 7 7 27 8 Strong, but no extreme valuation of children 12 9 9 14 NA NA v476. Evaluation by Society: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 1 1 6 2 Only slight, sporadic expression of valuation of children 9 3 3 21 4 4 35 5 Moderate or occasionally strong expression of value of children 49 6 6 26 7 7 17 8 Strong, but no extreme valuation of children 8 9 9 14 NA NA v477. Incorporation into Society: Early Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 3 0 Almost complete exclusion from adult working, ceremonial, social activities 22 1 1 50 2 Children are usually excluded from membership in adult activities 49 3 3 22 4 4 19 5 Inconsistent but substantial participation by children in adult activities 4 6 6 1 8 Children closely integrated in adult family activities with substantial participation in adult community life 16 NA NA v478. Incorporation into Society: Early Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 3 0 Almost complete exclusion from adult working, ceremonial, social activities 21 1 1 38 2 Children are usually excluded from membership in adult activities 47 3 3 25 4 4 32 5 Inconsistent but substantial participation by children in adult activities 3 6 6 1 8 Children closely integrated in adult family activities with substantial participation in adult community life 16 NA NA v479. Incorporation into Society: Late Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=171; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 2 1 1 7 2 Children are usually excluded from membership in adult activities 14 3 3 13 4 4 54 5 Inconsistent but substantial participation by children in adult activities 37 6 6 27 7 7 11 8 Children closely integrated in adult family activities with substantial participation in adult community life 6 9 9 15 NA NA v480. Incorporation into Society: Late Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 1 1 2 2 Children are usually excluded from membership in adult activities 7 3 3 12 4 4 40 5 Inconsistent but substantial participation by children in adult activities 44 6 6 37 7 7 17 8 Children closely integrated in adult family activities with substantial participation in adult community life 11 9 9 1 10 Almost complete, continual inclusion of children in adult activities 14 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Rohner, Ronald P., and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1981. Parental-Acceptance- Rejection and Parental Control: Cross-Cultural Codes. Ethnology 20: 245-260. ----------------------------------------------------------- v481. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=12; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 5 (5 of 8) 2 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 8 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 174 NA NA v482. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=12; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 3 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 2 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 6 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 174 NA NA v483. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=71; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 2 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 3 (3 of 8) 2 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 3 5 (5 of 8) 10 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 7 7 (7 of 8) 46 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 115 NA NA v484. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=11; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 4 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 1 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 3 7 (7 of 8) 3 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 175 NA NA v485. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=12; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 2 5 (5 of 8) 5 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 2 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 174 NA NA v486. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 8 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 3 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 2 5 (5 of 8) 5 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 5 7 (7 of 8) 37 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 126 NA NA v487. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=2; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 1 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 184 NA NA v488. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=1; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 1 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 185 NA NA v489. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=21; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 7 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 2 7 (7 of 8) 9 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 165 NA NA v490. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=5; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 2 7 (7 of 8) 3 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 181 NA NA v491. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=6; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 3 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 2 7 (7 of 8) 1 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 180 NA NA v492. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=97; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 3 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 3 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 4 5 (5 of 8) 14 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 16 7 (7 of 8) 57 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 89 NA NA v493. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=4; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 2 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 1 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 182 NA NA v494. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=4; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 2 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 2 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 182 NA NA v495. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 21 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 3 3 (3 of 8) 13 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 2 5 (5 of 8) 3 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 2 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 141 NA NA v496. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=1; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 1 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 185 NA NA v497. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=1; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 1 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 185 NA NA v498. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 8) 23 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 11 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 2 5 (5 of 8) 4 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 145 NA NA v499. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=1; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 1 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 185 NA NA v500. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=2; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 1 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 1 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 184 NA NA v501. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=15; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 3 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 6 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 2 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 3 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 171 NA NA v502. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=5; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 3 (3 of 8) 2 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 181 NA NA v503. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=1; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 1 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 185 NA NA v504. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=112; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 8) 58 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 9 3 (3 of 8) 31 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 5 5 (5 of 8) 5 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 2 7 (7 of 8) 1 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 74 NA NA v505. Indifference of Caretakers - Mother: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=8; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 6 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 1 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 178 NA NA v506. Indifference of Caretakers - Mother: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=17; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 15 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 1 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 169 NA NA v507. Indifference of Caretakers - Mother: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 8) 38 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 2 3 (3 of 8) 5 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 4 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 1 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 134 NA NA v508. Indifference of Caretakers - Father: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=17; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 13 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 3 (3 of 8) 1 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 2 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 169 NA NA v509. Indifference of Caretakers - Father: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=5; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 2 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 3 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 181 NA NA v510. Indifference of Caretakers - Father: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 27 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 2 3 (3 of 8) 6 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 3 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 1 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 146 NA NA v511. Indifference of Caretakers - Others: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=5; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 4 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 181 NA NA v512. Indifference of Caretakers - Others: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=3; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 3 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 183 NA NA v513. Indifference of Caretakers - Others: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=15; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 11 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 3 (3 of 8) 1 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 1 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 171 NA NA v514. Indifference of Caretakers - Overall: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=6; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 5 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 180 NA NA v515. Indifference of Caretakers - Overall: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=4; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 1 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 182 NA NA v516. Indifference of Caretakers - Overall: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=98; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 1 1 (1 of 8) 67 2 Rarely (2 of 8) 5 3 (3 of 8) 18 4 Sometimes (4 of 8) 1 5 (5 of 8) 3 6 Frequently (6 of 8) 2 7 (7 of 8) 1 8 Almost Always (8 of 8) 88 NA NA v517. Control by Caretakers - Mother: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=15; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 4 2 No Control (2 of 8) 6 4 Lax Control (4 of 8) 3 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 1 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 171 NA NA v518. Control by Caretakers - Mother: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=20; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 2 No Control (2 of 8) 2 4 Lax Control (4 of 8) 9 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 3 7 (7 of 8) 5 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 166 NA NA v519. Control by Caretakers - Mother: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 10 2 No Control (2 of 8) 2 3 (3 of 8) 16 4 Lax Control (4 of 8) 1 5 (5 of 8) 11 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 3 7 (7 of 8) 5 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 138 NA NA v520. Control by Caretakers - Father: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 5 4 Lax Control (4 of 8) 12 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 6 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 162 NA NA v521. Control by Caretakers - Father: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=11; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 3 4 Lax Control (4 of 8) 4 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 3 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 175 NA NA v522. Control by Caretakers - Father: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 9 2 No Control (2 of 8) 2 3 (3 of 8) 11 4 Lax Control (4 of 8) 1 5 (5 of 8) 19 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 2 7 (7 of 8) 6 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 136 NA NA v523. Control by Caretakers - Others: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=8; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 2 4 Lax Control (4 of 8) 4 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 1 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 178 NA NA v524. Control by Caretakers - Others: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=4; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 2 No Control (2 of 8) 2 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 1 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 182 NA NA v525. Control by Caretakers - Others: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=17; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 2 No Control (2 of 8) 2 4 Lax Control (4 of 8) 1 5 (5 of 8) 10 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 1 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 169 NA NA v526. Control by Caretakers - Overall: Boy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=28; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 6 2 No Control (2 of 8) 1 3 (3 of 8) 8 4 Lax Control (4 of 8) 2 5 (5 of 8) 6 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 4 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 158 NA NA v527. Control by Caretakers - Overall: Girl Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 1 2 No Control (2 of 8) 1 3 (3 of 8) 6 4 Lax Control (4 of 8) 1 5 (5 of 8) 9 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 1 7 (7 of 8) 5 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 162 NA NA v528. Control by Caretakers - Overall: Aver Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=115; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 23 2 No Control (2 of 8) 9 3 (3 of 8) 23 4 Lax Control (4 of 8) 7 5 (5 of 8) 34 6 Firm Control (6 of 8) 9 7 (7 of 8) 10 8 Restrictive (8 of 8) 71 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Schlegel, Alice, and Herbert Barry III. 1979. Adolescent Initiation Ceremonies: A Cross-Cultural Code. Ethnology 18: 199-210. ----------------------------------------------------------- v529. Initiation Occurrence: Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 80 0 Absent for both boys and girls 39 1 Absent for specified sex only 63 2 Present 4 NA NA v530. Initiation Occurrence: Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 81 0 Absent for both boys and girls 17 1 Absent for specified sex only 85 2 Present 3 NA NA v531. Initiation Time: Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 120 0 Absent 13 2 before genital maturation 18 3 at first signs of genital maturation 6 4 at genital maturation 17 5 within one year after genital maturation 8 6 later (up to 18 years) 4 NA NA v532. Initiation Time: Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 100 0 Absent 9 2 before genital maturation 11 3 at first signs of genital maturation 57 4 at genital maturation 5 5 within one year after genital maturation 1 6 later (up to 18 years) 3 NA NA v533. Number of Concurrent Initiates: Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 119 0 Absent 29 2 Single 7 3 Small group 27 4 Large group 4 NA NA v534. Number of Concurrent Initiates: Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 99 0 Absent 73 2 Single 6 3 Small group 5 4 Large group 3 NA NA v535. Duration of Initiation Ceremony: Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 119 0 Absent 28 2 Short 7 3 Medium 28 4 Long 4 NA NA v536. Duration of Initiation Ceremony: Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 99 0 Absent 36 2 Short 21 3 Medium 27 4 Long 3 NA NA v537. Number of Participants: Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 121 0 Absent 7 2 Immediate family 25 3 Local group 29 4 Large group 4 NA NA v538. Number of Participants: Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 99 0 Absent 40 2 Immediate family 29 3 Local group 15 4 Large group 3 NA NA v539. Sexes of Participants: Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 119 0 Absent 12 2 Both sexes 17 3 Partially limited to same sex as initiates 34 4 Exclusively same sex as initiates 4 NA NA v540. Sexes of Participants: Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 99 0 Absent 11 2 Both sexes 28 3 Partially limited to same sex as initiates 45 4 Exclusively same sex as initiates 3 NA NA v541. Primary Physical Components: Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 119 0 Absent 6 2 None 17 3 Manipulations or activities 20 4 Pain other than genital operation 13 5 Genital operation 7 6 Genital operation and other pain 4 NA NA v542. Primary Physical Components: Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 99 0 Absent 11 2 None 45 3 Manipulations or activities 21 4 Pain other than genital operation 7 5 Genital operation 3 NA NA v543. Secondary Physical Components: Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 119 0 Absent 15 2 Neither manipulations nor activities 14 3 Activities 9 4 Manipulation 25 5 Both manipulations and activities 4 NA NA v544. Secondary Physical Components: Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 99 0 Absent 20 2 Neither manipulations nor activities 10 3 Activities 26 4 Manipulation 28 5 Both manipulations and activities 3 NA NA v545. Primary Cognitive or Performance Components: Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 119 0 Absent 20 2 Symbolic only 3 3 Learning skills, sharing secrets, or other 8 4 Observing taboos 7 5 Seclusion 18 6 Both seclusion and observing taboos 7 7 Fear 4 NA NA v546. Primary Cognitive or Performance Components: Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 99 0 Absent 15 2 Symbolic only 3 3 Learning skills, sharing secrets, or other 1 4 Observing taboos 9 5 Seclusion 54 6 Both seclusion and observing taboos 2 7 Fear 3 NA NA v547. Secondary Cognitive or Performance Components: Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 118 0 Absent 43 2 Neither learning skills nor sharing secrets 8 3 Sharing secrets 4 4 Learning skills 9 5 Both learning skills and sharing secrets 4 NA NA v548. Secondary Cognitive or Performance Components: Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 100 0 Absent 60 2 Neither learning skills nor sharing secrets 2 3 Sharing secrets 11 4 Learning skills 10 5 Both learning skills and sharing secrets 3 NA NA v549. Primary Emic Interpretations: Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 119 0 Absent 4 2 None 41 3 Status marker, physical change, or behavior change 11 4 Spiritual change 7 5 Death-rebirth 4 NA NA v550. Primary Emic Interpretations: Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 99 0 Absent 5 2 None 75 3 Status marker, physical change, or behavior change 2 4 Spiritual change 2 5 Death-rebirth 3 NA NA v551. Secondary Emic Interpretations: Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 118 0 Absent 8 2 No status marker 17 3 General status marker 14 4 Status marker for adolescence or youth 25 5 Status marker for full adulthood 4 NA NA v552. Secondary Emic Interpretations: Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 100 0 Absent 8 2 No status marker 25 3 General status marker 12 4 Status marker for adolescence or youth 38 5 Status marker for full adulthood 3 NA NA v553. Tertiary Emic Interpretations: Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 118 0 Absent 31 2 Neither physical nor behavior change 10 3 Behavior change 12 4 Physical change 11 5 Both physical and behavior change 4 NA NA v554. Tertiary Emic Interpretations: Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 100 0 Absent 48 2 Neither physical nor behavior change 12 3 Behavior change 16 4 Physical change 7 5 Both physical and behavior change 3 NA NA v555. Primary Social Consequences: Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 118 0 Absent 19 2 None 14 3 Familial integration, familial independence, or other 8 4 Heterosexual intercourse 17 5 Same-sex bonding 6 6 Both same-sex bonding and heterosexual intercourse 4 NA NA v556. Primary Social Consequences: Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 100 0 Absent 32 2 None 20 3 Familial integration, familial independence, or other 25 4 Heterosexual intercourse 3 5 Same-sex bonding 3 6 Both same-sex bonding and heterosexual intercourse 3 NA NA v557. Secondary Social Consequences: Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 118 0 Absent 36 2 None 6 3 Other 13 4 Familial independence 9 5 Familial integration 4 NA NA v558. Secondary Social Consequences: Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 100 0 Absent 57 2 None 8 3 Other 9 4 Familial independence 9 5 Familial integration 3 NA NA v559. Principal Focus: Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 120 0 Absent 11 2 Fertility 10 3 Sexuality 6 4 Valor 7 5 Wisdom 26 6 Responsibility 2 7 Other 4 NA NA v560. Principal Focus: Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 99 0 Absent 34 2 Fertility 18 3 Sexuality 1 4 Valor 1 5 Wisdom 23 6 Responsibility 7 7 Other 3 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Paige, Karen Paige and Jeffrey Paige. 1981. The Politics of Reproductive Rituals. University of California Press. ----------------------------------------------------------- v561. Menarcheal Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=88; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 44 1 Absent if onset of menstruation not marked by special public ritual 44 2 Present if onset of menstruation associated with either elaborate or limited rites 98 NA NA v562. Circumcision Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 70 1 Superincision, or subincision, or absent 22 2 Circumcision 94 NA NA v563. Maternal Restrictions Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 43 1 Absent 46 2 Present 97 NA NA v564. Husband Involvement Scale (Couvade) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 51 1 Minor Observance or informal 36 2 Seclusion, or postpartum work taboo, or food taboo 99 NA NA v565. Menstrual Segregation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=84; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 56 1 Absent 28 2 Present (either menstrual hut or structural isolation is reported) 102 NA NA v566. Male Segregation Practices Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=82; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 60 1 Absent or Minor 22 2 Present 104 NA NA v567. Combined Segregation Practices Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=76; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 42 1 Absent 22 2 Minor 12 3 Present 110 NA NA v568. Compensation Demands Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=70; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 35 1 Absent 35 2 Present 116 NA NA v569. Fraternal Interest Group Size Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=84; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 54 1 1 16 2 2 14 3 3 102 NA NA v570. Fraternal Interest Group Strength Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=82; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 35 1 Both brideprice and patrilineality are absent, and size of effective kin-based political subunit is less than 100 12 2 Either brideprice or patrilineality; size of political subunit between 100 and 999 16 3 a. Size of political subunit is 1,000 or greater, and brideprice and patrilineality are absent; or b. Size of political subunit is less than 100 and both brideprice and patrilineality are present; or c. Size of political subunit is between 100 and 999 and either brideprice or patrilineality is present 8 4 a. Size of political subunit is between 100 and 999, and both brideprice and patrilineality are present; or b. Size of political subunit is 1,000 or greater, and either brideprice or patrilineality is present 11 5 Size of political subunit is 1,000 or greateb, and both brideprice and patrilineality are present 104 NA NA v571. Resource Base Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 18 1 Low 35 2 Unstable 39 3 High 94 NA NA v572. Residence Pattern Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 36 1 Not favoring formation of fraternal interest groups including: a. Matrilocal or Uxorilocal Residence b. Ambilocal Residence c. Neolocal Residence 56 2 Favoring formation of fraternal interest groups: including a. Avunculocal Residence b. Patrilocal or Virilocal Residence c. Optionally Patrilocal or Avunculocal Residence 94 NA NA v573. Ritual Warfare Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=82; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 52 1 Absent 30 2 Present 104 NA NA v574. Achieved Leadership through Wealth Distribution Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=81; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 61 1 Acts of wealth distribution which bring prestige to the giver are not one of the most important factors in attaining and maintaining the highest degree of political power in the society 20 2 Acts of wealth distribution which bring prestige to the giver are one of the most important factors in attaining and maintaining the highest degree of political power in the society 105 NA NA v575. Unstable Political Power Index Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=76; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 44 1 All three variables--ritual warfare, achieved leadership, and social indebtedness--have a score of 0. 10 2 Only one of the three variables has a score of 1; the other two score 0 17 3 Two of the variables have a score of 1; the other has a score of 0 5 4 All three variables have a score of 1 110 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Martin K. Whyte. 1979. Cross-Cultural Codes Dealing with the Relative Status of Women. Ethnology 17:211-237. ----------------------------------------------------------- Only the odd numbered societies are coded in this study. Some of the even numbered societies, however, have been coded by undergraduates at U.C. Irvine. Many of these even-numbered societal codes are less reliable than the original codes, and it is advised that a sample of odd-numbered cases be selected for hypothesis testing. v576. Sex of Gods and Spirits and Other Super-natural Beings Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=67; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 10 1 All male 24 2 Male are more numerous or more powerful 13 3 Male are more numerous while power equal or male are more powerful while numbers equal 20 4 Both and equal in numbers of power or women more numerous while power equal, or women more powerful while numbers equal 119 NA NA v577. Mythical Founders of the Culture Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=65; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 21 1 All male 18 2 Both sexes, but the role of men more important 19 3 Both sexes, and the role of both sexes fairly equal 7 4 Both sexes, but female role more important, or solely female 121 NA NA v578. Sex of Shamans Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=73; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 14 1 All male 26 2 Male more numerous, or more powerful 26 3 Male more numerous while power equal, or male more powerful while numbers equal, or about equal in both 7 4 Female more powerful or more numerous or solely female shamans 113 NA NA v579. Sex of Reputed Witches Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=68; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 16 1 All male 21 2 Male predominance in numbers or power 23 3 Both, and equal in numbers or power 8 4 Female predominance in numbers of power or only female witches 118 NA NA v580. Participation in Collective Religious Ceremonies and Rituals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=73; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 4 1 Only males 36 2 Both, but males more commonly or more prominently 28 3 Both, and fairly equal participation 5 4 Both, but women more prominent 113 NA NA v581. Funeral or Burial Ceremonies Held Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=84; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 11 1 Only for males, or for both, but male more elaborate 73 2 For both, and roughly equal 102 NA NA v582. Intermediate or Local Political Leaders Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=74; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 65 1 Only males 7 2 Both sexes, but males more numerous or more powerful 2 3 Both sexes, and males more numerous while females equally powerful or males more powerful while females equally numerous 112 NA NA v583. Leadership Posts in Kinship or Extended Family Units Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=62; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 52 1 Include men only 6 2 Both, but men have more say and influence 4 3 Both, with roughly equal influence 124 NA NA v584. Participation in Collective Fighting and Warfare Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=70; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 62 1 Only men 8 2 Both, but men do most fighting, women only aid 116 NA NA v585. Proportional Contribution of Women to Overall Subsistence Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 2 1 Low 2 2 2 14 3 3 23 4 4 27 5 5 18 6 6 2 7 7 4 8 High 94 NA NA v586. Relative Time and Effort Expended on Subsistence Activities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=88; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 14 1 Men clearly expend more 54 2 Men and women expend roughly equal 20 3 Women clearly expend more 98 NA NA v587. Community-wide Exclusively Male Work Groups Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=78; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 20 1 None 44 2 For one activity 14 3 For two or more activities 108 NA NA v588. Community-wide Exclusively Female Work Groups Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=72; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 45 1 None 27 2 For one or more activity 114 NA NA v589. Degree of Segregation in Subsistence Activities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 15 1 Men and women are sharply segregated 41 2 Some segregation 21 3 Little or no segregation in these activities 109 NA NA v590. Inheritance of Property of Some Economic Value Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=71; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 18 1 Only males, or males except in unusual circumstances 27 2 Both, but males have definite preference 22 3 Roughly equal inheritance rights by sex 4 4 Female preference, or exclusive female rights 115 NA NA v591. Ownership or Control of the Use of Dwellings Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=72; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 22 1 Solely by men 12 2 Most owned by men 25 3 Equal ownership, or no preferential rights 13 4 Most or all owned or controlled by women 114 NA NA v592. Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done Solely by Men Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 30 1 Men have virtually total say 41 2 Men have predominant say, or no indication of preference 12 3 Men and women have equal say 9 4 Women have the predominant or total say 94 NA NA v593. Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done by Men and Women Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=81; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 7 1 Men have virtually total say 6 2 Men have the predominant say 60 3 Men and women have equal say, or no indication of preference 8 4 Women have the predominant or total say 105 NA NA v594. Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done Solely by Women Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 6 1 Men have virtually total say or predominant say 10 2 Men and women have equal say 62 3 Women have the predominant say, or no indication of preference 14 4 Women have virtually total say 94 NA NA v595. Men's Domestic Work Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 47 1 Males do virtually none, females virtually all 45 2 Males do some, but mostly done by females 94 NA NA v596. (No) Double Standard in Regard to Premarital Sex { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=73; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 32 1 Yes 41 2 No, equal restrictions on male and female 113 NA NA v597. (No) Double Standard in Regard to Extramarital Sex { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=75; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 32 1 Yes 41 2 No, equal restrictions 2 3 Male punished more severely for transgression 111 NA NA v598. Extramarital Affairs of Married Women Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 40 1 Not allowed, and apparently rare 29 2 Not allowed, but apparently not uncommon 17 3 Allowed, or very common 100 NA NA v599. Menstrual Taboos Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=62; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 11 1 No menstrual taboos 15 2 Rule vs. intercourse with menstruating woman 9 3 Personal restrictions on menstruants, e.g., dietary 3 4 Stated belief that menstrual blood is dangerous to men 3 5 A rule that menstruating women may not cook for men 6 6 Menstruating women are segregated from men, perhaps in a menstrual hut 15 7 A rule that menstruating women may not have contact with some male things, e.g., fishing gear, bows 124 NA NA v600. The Role of Men and Women in Procreation Understood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 7 1 Men are thought to play the more important role 80 2 Belief in roughly equal contributions, or no evidence of greater contribution by either sex 6 3 Women are thought to play the more important role 93 NA NA v601. Sexual Drives and Urges Understood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 17 1 Men are thought to have stronger urges 71 2 Belief that urges are roughly equal, or no evidence of belief in greater urges by either sex 5 3 Women are thought to have stronger urges 93 NA NA v602. (No) Explicit View That Sexual Activity Is Dangerous or Contaminating { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=68; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 15 1 Yes 53 2 No 118 NA NA v603. Role of the Older Generation in Arranging Marriages (1st Marriages Only) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=83; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 13 1 Males monopolize arrangement 33 2 Both males and females participate, males have more say 28 3 Both participate, and with roughly equal say 9 4 Both males and females participate, females have more say 103 NA NA v604. Voice of the Potential Bride and Groom in Marriage Decisions Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=80; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 4 1 Only the groom can initiate or refuse a match 27 2 Groom has more ability to initiate or refuse 46 3 Equal ability to initiate or refuse a match 3 4 Bride has more ability to initiate or refuse 106 NA NA v605. Marriage Payments Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 5 1 Woman exchange 36 2 Substantial bride price 10 3 Bride service 10 4 Token bride price 10 5 Gift exchange 6 6 Dowry 109 NA NA v606. Preferred Marriage Forms Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 22 1 Polygynous unions over 20 pct 36 2 Polygynous unions under 20 pct 34 3 Monogamy 1 4 Polyandry 93 NA NA v607. (No Male) Multiple Spouses { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 71 1 Only for males 4 2 For both, but more commonly for males 15 3 For neither 2 4 For both, but more commonly for females 94 NA NA v608. (No) Levirate { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=76; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 54 1 Present 22 2 Absent 110 NA NA v609. Relative Distances Moved by the Bride and Groom Away from Their Families of Orientation at First Marriage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=84; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 58 1 The female moves farther away 7 2 About equal distance 19 3 The male moves farther away 102 NA NA v610. Relative Ease of Initiating Divorce Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 5 1 Divorce is in theory only available to male 12 2 Divorce is possible for both, but more difficult for female 72 3 Divorce equally possible, no indication of bias 4 4 Divorce is possible for both, but more difficult for male, or in theory only available to female 93 NA NA v611. Relative Ease of Remarriage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 21 1 Possible for both, but fewer obstacles for men 64 2 Equally possible for both men and women 101 NA NA v612. Average Relative Age at First Marriage of Men and of Women Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=70; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 1 Women generally older 7 2 Ages about equal 12 3 Men 1-2 years older 18 4 Men 3-4 years older 31 5 Men more than 4 years older 116 NA NA v613. Final Authority over the Care, Handling and Discipline of Infants Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=67; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 12 1 monopolized by males, or males have more say 11 2 is divided roughly equally 21 3 is divided, but females have more say 23 4 is monopolized by females 119 NA NA v614. Final Authority over the Up-bringing and Discipline of Post-infant Unmarried Children Living in the Home Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=68; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 11 1 is virtually monopolized by males 14 2 is divided, but males have more say 34 3 is divided roughly equally 9 4 is divided but females have more say, or final say is virtually monopolized by females 118 NA NA v615. Wife to Husband Institutionalized Deference (Guttman Scale) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=84; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 29 1 None of the following coded 15 2 Husband dominates domestic decision making 21 3 + Wife excluded from many social gatherings 9 4 + Wife rarely disputes husband 7 5 + Husband has seating priority 3 6 + Wife kneels and bows when greeting husband 102 NA NA v616. A Stated Preference for Children of One Sex Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 1 For males 54 2 Equal, no preference 11 3 For females 93 NA NA v617. Any Evidence of Infanticide Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=71; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 6 1 Mostly for females 64 2 For both, or for neither 1 3 Mostly for males 115 NA NA v618. Early Training for Adult Duties Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 1 Boys are trained earlier generally 70 2 Training begins at roughly equal ages, no stated bias by sex 22 3 Girls are trained earlier generally 93 NA NA v619. Punishment for Equal Misbehavior Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 3 1 Boys are punished more severely 82 2 Punishment about equal, no stated bias by sex 8 3 Girls are punished more severely 93 NA NA v620. Physical Punishment of the Spouse Condoned Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=63; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 39 1 Only husband hitting wife generally 16 2 Physical punishment by neither 8 3 Either may hit the other, or only wife may hit husband 123 NA NA v621. (No) Explicit View That Men Should and Do Dominate Their Wives { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=63; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 42 1 Yes 19 2 No, evidence of rough equality 2 3 No, evidence of wife dominance 123 NA NA v622. Attendance and Participation in General Community Gathering Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=62; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 27 1 Only men, or both, but men more often or more prominently 35 2 Both equally, although perhaps segregated 124 NA NA v623. Existence of General Female Initiation Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=76; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 36 1 No initiations for females 8 2 Customary minimal social recognition 10 3 +Personal dramatization of the initiate 12 4 +Organized social response 10 5 +Affective social response (e.g., punishment or operations 110 NA NA v624. Any Belief That the Status of Women Has Changed in Folklore or History Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 6 1 A belief it has declined 83 2 No such belief, or no change 4 3 A belief it has improved 93 NA NA v625. High Value Placed on Males Being Aggressive, Strong, and Sexually Potent Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=81; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 1 Marked emphasis 33 2 Moderate emphasis 22 3 Little or no emphasis 105 NA NA v626. (No) Belief That Women Are Generally Inferior to Men { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 27 1 Yes 66 2 No such belief 93 NA NA v627. A Statement That Women Have More Informal Influence than Formal Norms of the Society Would Make It Appear Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 49 1 No such statement or implication 25 2 A statement or implication of somewhat more informal influence 19 3 A statement or implicaton of much more informal influence 93 NA NA v628. Property Control Scale Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 4 1 Women have low control over property 19 2 2 60 3 3 10 4 Women have high control over property 93 NA NA v629. Kin Power Scale Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 1 Low power of women in kinship contexts 52 2 2 22 3 High power of women in kinship contexts 93 NA NA v630. Value of Life Scale Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 8 1 Low value placed on womens lives 37 2 2 48 3 High value placed on womens lives 93 NA NA v631. Value of Labor Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Low value of womens labor 9 2 2 40 3 3 34 4 4 9 5 High value of womens labor 93 NA NA v632. Domestic Authority Scale Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 8 1 Low womens domestic authority 21 2 Med-Low 32 3 Med-High 28 4 High womens domestic authority 97 NA NA v633. Ritualized Female Solidarity Scale Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 1 Low female solidarity 38 2 2 29 3 High female solidarity 93 NA NA v634. Control of Sex Scale Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 3 1 Stricter controls over womens marital and sexual lives 56 2 2 33 3 More equal controls over womens marital and sexual lives 94 NA NA v635. Ritualized Fear Scale Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 6 1 High ritualized fear of women 18 2 2 69 3 Low ritualized fear of women 93 NA NA v636. Joint Participation Scale Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 10 1 Low joint participation of men and women 50 2 2 31 3 High joint participation of men and women 95 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Murdock, George P. 1970. Ethnology 9:165-207. ----------------------------------------------------------- v637. Patterns for Grandparents Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=148; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 91 1 Bisexual Pattern 24 2 Merging Pattern 23 3 Bifurcate Bisexual Pattern 4 4 Matri-skewed Pattern 3 5 Null Pattern 1 7 Patri-Skewed Pattern 2 8 Rare Patterns 38 NA NA v638. Patterns for Grandchildren Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=144; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 76 1 Merging Pattern 20 2 Bisexual Pattern 23 3 Self-Reciprocal Pattern 11 4 Bifurcate Bisexual Pattern 5 5 Null Pattern 4 6 Speakers Sex Pattern 2 7 Bifurcate Pattern 3 8 Bifuracte Speakers Sex Pattern 42 NA NA v639. Patterns for Uncles Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=148; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 44 1 Simple Bifurcate Merging Pattern 47 2 Simple Bifurcate Collateral Pattern 21 3 Skewed Bifurcate Collateral Pattern 19 4 Lineal Pattern 7 5 Generation Pattern 2 6 Age-Differentiated Bifurcate Collateral Pattern 6 7 Relative Age Pattern 1 8 Speaker-Differentiated Bifurcate Merging Pattern 1 9 Speaker-Differentiated Bifurcate Collateral Pattern 38 NA NA v640. Patterns for Aunts Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=148; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 45 1 Simple Bifurcate Collateral Pattern 43 2 Bifurcate Merging Pattern 20 3 Lineal Pattern 14 4 Generation Pattern 16 5 Skewed Bifurcate Collateral Pattern 6 6 Relative Age Pattern 3 7 Age-Differentiated Bifurcate Collateral Pattern 1 9 Rare Patterns 38 NA NA v641. Patterns for Nephews and Nieces (Male Speaking) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=144; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 32 1 Simple Bifurcate Merging Pattern 22 2 Sex-Differentiated Bifurcate Merging Pattern 20 3 Simple Bifurcate Collateral Pattern 15 4 Simple Lineal Pattern 17 5 Generation Pattern 16 6 Sex-Differentiated Lineal Pattern 15 7 Sex-Differentiated Bifurcate Collateral Pattern 3 8 Age-Skewed Bifurcate Collateral Pattern 3 11 Brother-Skewed Bifurcate Collateral Pattern 1 13 Rare Pattern between 5 and 7, distinguishing BrSo, SiSo, SbDa 42 NA NA v642. Patterns for Siblings Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=146; Number of unique values=16 Freq Value Description 30 1 Dravidian Pattern 23 2 European Pattern 17 3 Yoruban Pattern 16 4 Algonkian Pattern 6 5 Kordofanian Pattern 9 6 Southern Bantu Pattern 9 7 East Polynesian Pattern 8 8 Quechuan Pattern 6 9 Carolinian Pattern 2 11 Caddoan Pattern 4 12 Malagasy Pattern 3 13 Jivaran Pattern 7 16 Rare Patterns 2 17 17 1 19 19 3 20 20 40 NA NA v643. Patterns for Cross-cousins Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=147; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 43 1 Hawaiian Pattern 39 2 Iroquois Pattern 19 3 Eskimo Pattern 10 4 Omaha Pattern 19 5 Crow Pattern 10 6 Descriptive Pattern 7 7 Sudanese Pattern 39 NA NA v644. Patterns for Siblings-in-law Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=112; Number of unique values=18 Freq Value Description 19 1 Merging Pattern 11 2 Simple Bisexual Pattern 15 3 Speakers Sex Bisexual Pattern 15 4 Opposite Sex Pattern 10 5 Null Pattern 5 6 Differentiated Pattern 5 7 Strongly Differentiated Pattern 4 8 Relative Sex Pattern 7 9 Sex-of-link Bisexual Pattern 3 10 Spouses Sibling vs. Siblings Spouse Pattern 1 12 Paired Bisexual Pattern 3 13 Potential Spouse Pattern 5 14 Same Sex Pattern 3 15 15 2 20 20 1 21 21 1 22 22 2 25 25 74 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: George P. Murdock and Suzanne Wilson. 1978. Ethnology 17:449-470. ----------------------------------------------------------- v645. Theories of Infection Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=122; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 91 1 Absence of such a cause 30 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 1 4 Predominant cause recognized by the society 64 NA NA v646. Theories of Stress Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=127; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 56 1 Absence of such a cause 68 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 3 3 An important auxiliary cause 59 NA NA v647. Theories of Deterioration Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=128; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 99 1 Absence of such a cause 29 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 58 NA NA v648. Theories of Accident Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=128; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 91 1 Absence of such a cause 37 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 58 NA NA v649. Theories of Fate Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=127; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 99 1 Absence of such a cause 27 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 1 3 An important auxiliary cause 59 NA NA v650. Theories of Ominous Sensation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=127; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 90 1 Absence of such a cause 37 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 59 NA NA v651. Theories of Contagion Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=128; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 81 1 Absence of such a cause 46 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 1 3 An important auxiliary cause 58 NA NA v652. Theories of Mystical Retribution Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=131; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 26 1 Absence of such a cause 68 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 32 3 An important auxiliary cause 5 4 Predominant cause recognized by the society 55 NA NA v653. Theories of Soul Loss Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=127; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 96 1 Absence of such a cause 30 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 1 3 An important auxiliary cause 59 NA NA v654. Theories of Spirit Aggression Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=131; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 2 1 Absence of such a cause 18 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 37 3 An important auxiliary cause 74 4 Predominant cause recognized by the society 55 NA NA v655. Theories of Sorcery Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=130; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 16 1 Absence of such a cause 45 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 45 3 An important auxiliary cause 24 4 Predominant cause recognized by the society 56 NA NA v656. Theories of Witchcraft Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=131; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 81 1 Absence of such a cause 24 2 Minor or relatively unimportant cause 17 3 An important auxiliary cause 9 4 Predominant cause recognized by the society 55 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Sanday, Peggy. 1981. Female Power and Male Dominance. Previously unpublished. ----------------------------------------------------------- v657. Flexible Marriage Mores (Divorce for Both Men and Women: or Mild Punishment for Adultery) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=142; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 28 1 Absent 114 2 Present 44 NA NA v658. Females Produce Goods for Nondomestic Distribution Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=152; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 27 1 Absent 125 2 Present 34 NA NA v659. Demand for Female Produce beyond Household Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 40 1 Absent 95 2 Present 51 NA NA v660. Female Economic Control of Products of Own Labor Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=139; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 41 1 Absent 98 2 Present 47 NA NA v661. Female Political Participation, at Least Informal Influence Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=145; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 62 1 Absent 83 2 Present 41 NA NA v662. Female Solidarity Groups, Formal or Informal Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=130; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 93 1 Absent 37 2 Present 56 NA NA v663. Female Power Guttman Scale Constructed from 657-662 Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=133; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 11 1 all items absent 9 2 flexible marriage mores only (657) 5 3 plus female nondomestic production (658) 13 4 plus demand for female produce (659) 23 5 plus female economic control (660) 41 6 plus female political participation (661) 31 7 plus female solidarity groups (662) 53 NA NA v664. Ideology of Male Toughness Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=108; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 21 1 Absent 87 2 Present 78 NA NA v665. Male Segregation { One or More Places Where Males Congregate Alone, or Males Occupy a Separate Part of the Household, or There Is Sharp Ceremonial Segregation of the Sexes. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=111; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 24 1 Absent 87 2 Present 75 NA NA v666. Moderate or Frequent Interpersonal Violence Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=131; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 43 1 Absent 88 2 Present 55 NA NA v667. Rape: Incidents Reports, or Thought of as Means of Punishment Women, or Part of Ceremony Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=95; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 45 1 Absent 50 2 Present 91 NA NA v668. At Least Some Wives Taken from Hostile Groups Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=131; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 84 1 Absent 47 2 Present 55 NA NA v669. Male Aggression Guttman Scale Constructed from 664-668 Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=107; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 15 1 no items present (none of 664-668) 5 2 ideology of male toughness only (664) 18 3 plus separate places for men (665) 12 4 plus interpersonal violence (666) 19 5 plus rape institutionalized or reported (667) 38 6 plus taking wives from hostile groups (668) 79 NA NA v670. Composite of Male Dominance Constructed from 663 plus 669 (657-669) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=139; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 45 1 sexes `equal -- i.e., female power scale 5 or above, and male aggression scale 4 or below 55 2 `mythical male -- female power scale 5 or above, and male aggression scale 5 or above 39 3 sexes `unequal -- female power scale 4 or below 47 NA NA v671. Menstrual Taboos (H16) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 8 1 no menstrual restrictions 26 2 one restriction present 25 3 two restrictions 17 4 three 15 5 four 19 6 five 76 NA NA v672. Male Avoidance of Female Sexuality (A11) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=116; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 26 1 none 51 2 sexual intercourse prohibited during menstruation 31 3 sexual intercourse prohibited at other times also 8 4 men avoid or fear female genitals Creation Stories 70 NA NA v673. Sex of Creative Agent, Ancestor, or Culture-hero Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 6 1 Female 2 2 Sexless 6 3 Couple 9 4 Male 3 5 Animal 13 6 Supreme being or force 147 NA NA v674. Origin of First Creator or Ancestor Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 13 1 From within (`feminine) 3 2 From within and without 21 3 From without (`masculine) 2 4 Void 147 NA NA v675. Mode of First-mentioned Creation Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 14 1 From the body: Union and/or birth 2 2 From the body: Self-propagation 20 3 From other than the body 3 4 Cannot be determined 147 NA NA v676. Creation Stories { (Composite of 675 and 674, plus Additional Societies) Sanday P244: Masculine-feminine (Reverse) and Inner-outer } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=112; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 20 1 feminine symbolism 36 2 couple symbolism 56 3 masculine symbolism 74 NA NA v677. Migration Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=105; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 47 1 aboriginal area or migrated centures ago 58 2 recent migration, within past 100-150 years, or people are said to be migrating conquerors 81 NA NA v678. Food Stress or Hunger Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=138; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 47 1 food constant 62 2 occasional hunger or famine 26 3 periodic or chronic hunger 3 4 starvation or evidence of protein deficiency (note: exact coding distinction between 3 and 4 unclear) 48 NA NA v679. Warfare or Fighting Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=133; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 41 1 absent or occasional or periodical 92 2 frequent or endemic 53 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Whyte, Martin K. 1978. The Status of Women in PreIndustrial Societies. Princeton University Press. Previously Unpublished. ----------------------------------------------------------- Only the odd numbered societies are coded in this study. v680. Plow Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 66 1 Absent 26 2 Present 94 NA NA v681. Irrigation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 55 1 Absent 31 2 Present 100 NA NA v682. Cereal Grains the Principal Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 45 1 Absent 47 2 Present 94 NA NA v683. Roots or Tubers the Principal Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 71 1 Absent 22 2 Present 93 NA NA v684. Tree Fruits and Starches the Principal Crops Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 82 1 Absent 10 2 Present 94 NA NA v685. Large Nonmilked Aboriginal Domestic Animals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 75 1 Absent 12 2 Present 99 NA NA v686. Large Milked Aboriginal Domestic Animals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 61 1 Absent 29 2 Present 96 NA NA v687. Small Aboriginal Domestic Animals - excluding Dogs, Cats, Fowl, Guinea Pigs Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=88; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 39 1 Absent 49 2 Present 98 NA NA v688. Large Domestic Animals, Only since European Contact Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 77 1 Absent 12 2 Present 97 NA NA v689. Small Domestic Animals, Only since European Contact Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=80; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 71 1 Absent 9 2 Present 106 NA NA v690. Large Animals Are Hunted and Important to the Diet Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 44 1 Absent 42 2 Present 100 NA NA v691. Small Animals Are Hunted and Important to the Diet Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=82; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 35 1 Absent 47 2 Present 104 NA NA v692. Intermediate Animals Are Hunted and Important to the Diet Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=82; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 33 1 Absent 49 2 Present Warfare 104 NA NA v693. Frequency of Intercommunity Armed Conflict Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 49 1 Past, supralocal, or absent 42 2 Present and endemic local warfare (collapsed from an original five categories) 95 NA NA v694. Male Initiation Ceremonies (Guttman Scale - See Frank Young, 1965) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=75; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 37 1 No initiation 10 2 Minimal social recognition 7 3 Personal dramatization of the initiate 3 4 Organized social response 18 5 Affective social response: beating, hazing or operations 111 NA NA v695. Male Solidarity (Guttman Scale - See Young and Bacdayan 1965) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 57 1 No institutionalized male solidarity 7 2 Some exclusive male activity protected by physical or normative barriers 6 3 Ritualization given to this activity 14 4 Definite ranking of men within this activity 9 5 War training or planning a part of this activity 93 NA NA v696. Matrilineal Descent Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 76 1 Patrilineal, dual, bilateral, or other 17 2 Matrilineal 93 NA NA v697. Matrilocal Residence Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 72 1 All other 18 2 Matrilocal Extended Families 96 NA NA v698. Preferred Family Form (Adapted from Murdock 1961) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 26 1 Nuclear 23 2 Stem 10 3 Lineal 30 4 Extended 97 NA NA v699. Political Organization (Adapted from Murdock 1961, P. 207) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 11 1 Absence of local political integration - family heads acknowledge no higher authority 40 2 Autonomous local community -- population below 1500 13 3 Minimal State -- political integration in independent units averaging 1500 - 10,000 27 4 Little State -- political integration in independent units averaging 10,000 - 100,000 2 5 State political integration in a unit of 100,000 plu 93 NA NA v700. Crimes against Person Punished Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 37 1 By person or group wronged 55 2 By government action 94 NA NA v701. (No) Government Full-time Bureaucrats { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 62 1 Full time bureaucrats unrelated to government head 30 2 No full time bureaucrats, or only relatives of head 94 NA NA v702. Community Is Part of a Kingdom { Defined as a Centralized Political Unit with Centralized Organs of Political Control, Power to Tax, and Rule Concentrated in a Single Office, Which Is Hereditary : following Stephens 1963 } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 70 1 No 17 2 Yes 99 NA NA v703. Community Part of a Kingdom in the past That No Longer Exists Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 74 1 No 13 2 Yes 99 NA NA v704. Private Property Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=84; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 70 1 Present 14 2 Absent 102 NA NA v705. Settlement Type Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 7 1 Fully migratory or nomadic bands 21 2 Seminomadic - bands which wander for at least half the year, but occupy a fixed settlement for some season(s) 22 3 Neighborhoods of dispersed family settlements 28 4 Separated hamlets, where several form more or less a single permanent community 12 5 Compact and permanent village or town 3 6 Complex settlements surrounded by homesteads or hamlets considered part of the community 93 NA NA v706. Metalworking Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 33 1 Absent 53 2 Present 100 NA NA v707. Manufacture of Pottery Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 26 1 Absent 64 2 Present 96 NA NA v708. True Weaving Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 43 1 Absent 43 2 Present 100 NA NA v709. Social Stratification in the Larger Society Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 24 1 Lack of significant stratification among free men 31 2 Differences in wealth and control, but not crystallized into distinct and hereditary social classes 11 3 Dual stratification into hereditary elites and commoners 26 4 Complex stratification into three or more classes/castes 94 NA NA v710. Social Stratification in the Local Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 29 1 Lack of significant stratification among free men 36 2 Differences in wealth and control, but not crystallized into distinct and hereditary social classes 8 3 Dual stratification into hereditary elites and commoners 18 4 Complex stratification into three or more classes/castes 95 NA NA v711. Societal Complexity (Guttman Scale - Freeman and Winch 1957) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 37 1 Absence of all traits in scale 13 2 Crimes punished by government (704) 9 3 Full-time specialized priests 1 4 Formal education 8 5 Written language 25 6 Full-time bureaucrats (705) (scalability .643, a shade below accepted minimum of .65) 93 NA NA v712. Institutionalized Envy { Scaled by Unweighted Sum for Presence or Absence of Four Correlated Indicators : (a) Men Imitate Women, (B) Women Imitate Men, and (C) Exclusive Mother-infant Sleeping, and (3) Exclusive Mother-child Sleeping) . Constructed Arithmetically from Means and Cutting Points. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 13 1 No items present 14 2 One or two item present 59 3 Three of four items present 100 NA NA v713. (Pre-classical) Religion { inaccurate for 27, See 713rev from 1807: Additional 85 Coded) in a Previous Edition of the Codebook Codes 1-3 Were Reversed 3-1 as Were the Frequencies for the Named Categories. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 14 1 Classical religion (Xianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism) 31 2 Mixture of classical and preclassical 48 3 Preclassical 93 NA NA v714. Sex Ratio Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 10 1 Female excess 60 2 Roughly equal 20 3 Male excess 96 NA NA v715. Systematic Absences of Married Males (Military Service, Labor Elsewhere, Extended Trade Expeditions, etc.) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 38 1 No systematic absences 6 2 Systematic absences -- not presently, but within 6 memory of present adults 48 3 Systematic absences common presently 94 NA NA v716. Sex of Coders Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 12 1 Both male 43 2 Male and female 38 3 Both female 93 NA NA v717. Number of Sources Consulted Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 11 1 One 23 2 Two 27 3 Three 21 4 Four or five 11 5 Six to nine 93 NA NA v718. Number of Authorities Consulted Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 27 1 One 31 2 Two 17 3 Three 18 4 Four to seven 93 NA NA v719. Total Pages in Sources Consulted Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 15 1 Under 300 22 2 300-499 44 3 500-999 12 4 Over 1000 93 NA NA v720. Sex of Authorities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 66 1 All males 23 2 Mixed males and females 4 3 All females 93 NA NA v721. Nationality of Authorities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 1 All Americans 28 2 Some Americans 37 3 None Americans 93 NA NA v722. Occupation of Authorities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 55 1 No anthropologist 30 2 Some anthropologists 6 3 All anthropologists 95 NA NA v723. Formal Fieldwork Training of Authorities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 56 1 All had some 29 2 some had 7 3 None had any 94 NA NA v724. Knowledge of Native Language ** (e.g., by Ethnographers) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 52 1 All knew it well 33 2 Some knew it well 2 3 None knew it well 99 NA NA v725. Total Periods of Fieldwork Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 11 1 One year or less 36 2 One to three years 42 3 More than three years 97 NA NA v726. Anthropological Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 8 1 Before 1800 A.D. 34 2 1801-1900 40 3 1901-1950 11 4 After 1950 A.D. 93 NA NA v727. Importance of Agriculture in Subsistence, including Gardening Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 43 1 Dominant, the principal subsistence activity 20 2 Co-dominant with one or more other categories 6 3 Important, but not a major subsistence activity 2 4 Present, but relatively unimportant 22 5 Insignificant, sporadic, or absent 93 NA NA v728. Importance of Animal Husbandry in Subsistence { Raising domestic animals, using milk, eggs, etc. -- even if this involves only the raising of draft animals for use in agriculture } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 6 1 Dominant, the principal subsistence activity 12 2 Co-dominant with one or more other categories 32 3 Important, but not a major subsistence activity 14 4 Present, but relatively unimportant 29 5 Insignificant, sporadic, or absent 93 NA NA v729. Importance of Fishing, Shellfishing and Marine Hunting Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 4 1 Dominant, the principal subsistence activity 13 2 Co-dominant with one or more other categories 26 3 Important, but not a major subsistence activity 19 4 Present, but relatively unimportant 31 5 Insignificant, sporadic, or absent 93 NA NA v730. Importance of Hunting and Gathering in Subsistence Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 12 1 Dominant, the principal subsistence activity 14 2 Co-dominant with one or more other categories 28 3 Important, but not a major subsistence activity 24 4 Present, but relatively unimportant 15 5 Insignificant, sporadic, or absent 93 NA NA v731. Importance of Handicrafts, Manufacturing { Insofar as they contribute to subsistence, defined as supplying the overall needs for food, clothing, and shelter of the community } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 2 Co-dominant with one or more other categories 42 3 Important, but not a major subsistence activity 44 4 Present, but relatively unimportant 6 5 Insignificant, sporadic, or absent 93 NA NA v732. Importance of Trade in Subsistence { Include trade conducted to gain needed subsistence items, not simply exchange of ceremonial items; measure of extent to which members of the community depend upon trading in order to acquire items needed for subsistence that they do not produce themselves } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 3 2 Co-dominant with one or more other categories 33 3 Important, but not a major subsistence activity 44 4 Present, but relatively unimportant 13 5 Insignificant, sporadic, or absent 93 NA NA v733. Contribution of the Sexes to Agriculture Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 6 1 Male participation exclusively, or female contribution negligible 18 2 Male participation appreciably greater 22 3 Equal participation 17 4 Female participation appreciably greater 3 5 Female participation exclusively, or male contribution negligible 27 6 Activity conducted solely by slaves or members of servile classes, or does not apply, OR NO INFORMATION 93 NA NA v734. Contribution of the Sexes to Animal Husbandry Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 12 1 Male participation exclusively, or female contribution negligible 17 2 Male participation appreciably greater 11 3 Equal participation 7 4 Female participation appreciably greater 4 5 Female participation exclusively, or male contribution negligible 42 6 Activity conducted solely by slaves or members of servile classes, or does not apply, OR NO INFORMATION 93 NA NA v735. Contribution of the Sexes to Fishing, Shellfishing, and Marine Hunting Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 25 1 Male participation exclusively, or female contribution negligible 18 2 Male participation appreciably greater 13 3 Equal participation 2 4 Female participation appreciably greater 2 5 Female participation exclusively, or male contribution negligible 33 6 Activity conducted solely by slaves or members of servile classes, or does not apply, OR NO INFORMATION 93 NA NA v736. Contribution of the Sexes to Hunting and Gathering Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 10 1 Male participation exclusively, or female contribution negligible 19 2 Male participation appreciably greater 37 3 Equal participation 6 4 Female participation appreciably greater 1 5 Female participation exclusively, or male contribution negligible 20 6 Activity conducted solely by slaves or members of servile classes, or does not apply, OR NO INFORMATION 93 NA NA v737. Relative Contribution of the Sexes to Handicrafts and Manufacture Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 4 1 Male participation exclusively, or female contribution negligible 21 2 Male participation appreciably greater 44 3 Equal participation 10 4 Female participation appreciably greater 1 5 Female participation exclusively, or male contribution negligible 13 6 Activity conducted solely by slaves or members of servile classes, or does not apply, OR NO INFORMATION 93 NA NA v738. Relative Contribution of the Sexes to Trade Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 16 1 Male participation exclusively, or female contribution negligible 15 2 Male participation appreciably greater 24 3 Equal participation 5 4 Female participation appreciably greater 3 5 Female participation exclusively, or male contribution negligible 30 6 Activity conducted solely by slaves or members of servile classes, or does not apply, OR NO INFORMATION 93 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Whyte, Martin K. 1978. The Status of Women in PreIndustrial Societies. Princeton University Press. Revised by Andrey Korotayev and Daria Khaltourina. Andrey Korotayev. 2004. World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective ----------------------------------------------------------- v713rev. Revised v713 Classical religions Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 39 1 Classical religion (Xianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism) 31 2 Mixture of classical and preclassical 116 3 Preclassical ============================================================ SOURCE: Broude, Gwen, and Sarah J. Greene. 1983. Ethnology 22:263-280. ----------------------------------------------------------- v739. Marriage Arrangements Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=148; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 46 1 Individual selects and/or courts partner autonomously: approval by parents or others unnecessary 26 2 Individual selects and/or courts partner autonomously: parental, kin, and/or community approval necessary or highly desireable 5 3 Individual suggests partner to parents or others: arrangements for courtship or marriage then proceed if choice is approved OR parents ask approval of individuals to initiate a match OR individual is approached by parent or others on behalf of suitor and can accept or reject the match 27 4 Individual choice and arranged marriages are alternatives 25 5 Parents choose partner: individual can object 19 6 Parents choose partner: individual cannot easily object or rarely objects in fact 38 NA NA v740. Marriage Arrangements (Female) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=151; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 12 1 Individual selects and/or courts partner autonomously: approval by parents or others unnecessary 40 2 Individual selects and/or courts partner authonomously: parental, kin, and/or community approval necessary or highly desireable 4 3 Individual suggests partner to parents or others; arrangements for courtship or marriage then proceed if choice is approved OR parents ask approval of individuals to initiate a match OR individual is approached by parent or others on behalf of suitor and can accept or reject the match 27 4 Individual choice and arranged marriages are alternatives 35 5 Parents choose partner: individual can object 33 6 Parents choose partner: individual cannot easily object or rarely objects in fact 35 NA NA v741. Widow Remarriage: Choice of Partner Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=92; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 28 1 Widow chooses new husband herself with no outside interferences 27 2 Remarriage into first husbands kin group usually or preferred, but widow can choose new husband from elsewhere if she wishes 4 3 Widow chooses new husband herself, but from first husbands kin group or community 27 4 Widows husbands kin chooses new husband 6 5 Remarriage is absent, uncommon, or strongly disapproved 94 NA NA v742. Time of Mourning before Remarriage of Widows Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 4 1 No period of mourning: remarriage as soon as possible 3 2 One week to two months of mourning 9 3 Over two months but less than one year of mourning 18 4 One year or over of mourning 5 5 No remarriage 147 NA NA v743. (Neg) Attitude towards Divorce { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 11 1 Expected, accepted, tolerated, not disapproved 16 2 Mildly disapproved, e.g., attempts by others to reconcile couple, marriages expected to be permanent but divorce accepted without stigma if inevitable 11 3 Approved if reasons are considered justified; otherwise disapproved 11 4 Expected, accepted, tolerated, not disapproved in first years of marriage and/or before children; otherwise disapproved 11 5 Strongly disapproved; stigma attached to divorce 126 NA NA v744. (Neg) Frequency of Divorce { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 8 1 Universal or almost universal 31 2 Common, frequent, not uncommon 11 3 Moderate: a small minority of couples divorce 10 4 Frequent in first years of marriage and/or before children; rare thereafter 25 5 Rare, isolated instances, never 101 NA NA v745. Grounds for Divorce (Male) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=81; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 54 1 No grounds necessary for divorce; divorce equaly easy or difficult with out without justification 17 2 Grounds not absolutely necessary, but divorce is financially, legally and/or socially earlier with them 7 3 Divorce only with grounds 3 4 No divorce 105 NA NA v746. Grounds for Divorce (Female) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=82; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 39 1 No grounds necessary for divorce; divorce equally easy or difficult with or without justification 30 2 Grounds not absolutely necessary, but divorce is financially, legally and/or socially earier with them 9 3 Divorce only with grounds 4 4 No divorce 104 NA NA v747. Honeymoon Customs Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 6 1 Couple goes off alone or is secluded for some period 7 2 Special schedules set up to allow couple to spend time together; e.g., coule given special dispensation to work together, visit or receive visitors together 20 3 Special schedules set up for newlyweds, but not necessarily for the purpose of allowing them time together, e.g., wife excused from housework, visitors received by spouses separately, wife secluded 11 4 No special arrangements for newlyweds 8 5 Newlyweds avoid each others, either by tradition or from shyness 134 NA NA v748. Customs Surrounding Consummation of Marriage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=66; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 21 1 Socially recognized as a special occasion and couple granted privacy 6 2 Special occasion and private, but signal of consummation proof of potency, virginity awaited by others 8 3 Special occasion, others present 31 4 Not a special occasion 120 NA NA v749. Living Arrangements for Newlyweds Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=116; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 43 1 Couple move into own house ideally or in reality 12 2 Couple move in with parents, but separate room or partitioned area is provided 29 3 Couple move in with parents for first year or so and then set up a separate household 27 4 Couple live permanently in extended family setting; no special arrangements for newlyweds 5 5 Couple live separated from each other for a period of time 70 NA NA v750. (Distant) Sleeping Proximity between Husbands and Wives { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 43 1 Same room and close proximity: e.g., same bed, same blanket, touching, back to back, adjacent sleeping places allocated to spouses 15 2 Same room but no close proximity: e.g., different beds, different hammocks, different sections of room 45 3 Same room, proximity unknown 7 4 Different rooms 76 NA NA v751. (Low) Privacy in Sleeping for Husbands and Wives (Only If Husband and Wife Sleep in Same Room) { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 6 1 Husband and wife sleep together alone or with infants 13 2 Husband and wife sleep with prepubescent children 6 3 Unmarried members of nuclear family sleep with husband and wife, but either sons or daughters sleep elsewhere after early childhood 22 4 All members of nuclear family below marriageable age sleep with husband and wife 11 5 Other adults occasionally sleep with husband and and wife; e.g., other adult dependents who are temporary members of the newlyweds household 32 6 Other adults permanently sleep with husband and wife 96 NA NA v752. (No) Husband-wife Eating Arrangements { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 71 1 Husband and wife usually eat together 11 2 Husband and wife are together during meals; wife does not eat with husband, but serves him and/or converses 28 3 Husband and wife often, usually, or always eat apart 76 NA NA v753. (No) Husband-wife Leisure Time Activities { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=98; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 4 1 Husband and wife usually spend leisure time together and at home, alone or with nuclear or extended family members 21 2 Husband and wife sometimes spend leisure time together at home, and sometimes together in a group (e.g., they go over or have visitors); same-sex activities may be present, but they are not salient 21 3 Husband and wife usually spend leisure time together, but group activities are emphasized: e.g., couple go to dances together, spend their time habitually in camp with others 28 4 Husband and wife sometimes spend leisure time together as a couple or in a group, but sex- segregated activities are also salient: e.g., couple goes to dances, market together, but then join same-sex group 24 5 Husband and wife generally spend leisure time apart: same-sex activities prgdominate 88 NA NA v754. Wife-beating Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=70; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 14 1 Absent 56 2 Present 116 NA NA v755. (No) Husband Attends Birth { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=68; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 11 1 Husbands expected or allowed to attend the births of their children and usually do 4 2 No taboo against presence of husband at births but husbands often (?) or usually are absent 4 3 Husbands attend births only in emergencies 8 4 Husbands not allowed to attend births, but have specific tasks or roles associated with labor or delivery 41 5 Husbands not allowed to attend births and are explicitly barred from playing any role in labor or delivery 118 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Marc Ross, 1983. Political Decision Making and Conflict: Additional Cross-Cultural Codes and Scales. Ethnology 22: 169-192. ----------------------------------------------------------- v756. (Low) Political Role Differentiation: Full Time Specialists and Their Differentiation from Others in the Society { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 18 1 Highly differentiated by wealth, special titles or life style 10 2 Moderately differentiated 11 3 Somewhat wealthier but share much of life style by age, gender 7 4 Same life style, may be older and have somewhat more prestige 18 5 Few exist but leadership roles present, wealthier than others 15 6 Few exist but leadership roles present, same life style (as #4) 11 7 None exist, no permanent leadership roles 96 NA NA v757. Political and Religious Differentiation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=83; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 23 1 Consider overlap between political and religious leaders 30 2 Some overlap 30 3 Distinct 103 NA NA v758. Local Community Leadership Selection: Basis Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 21 1 Kinship; highly constrained 25 2 Kinship; broad choice within group 31 3 Non-hereditary, personal characteristics involved 13 4 Informal, shifts across situations 96 NA NA v759. Perceptions of Political Leaders' Power as Seen by Society Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 24 1 Very powerful 29 2 Somewhat powerful, often variable across leaders, situations 37 3 Limited 96 NA NA v760. Perceptions of Political Leaders' Benevolence as Seen by Society Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=66; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 16 1 Capricious and arbitrary, power used to further own interests 13 2 Neither particularly malevolent nor benevolent in use of power 37 3 Basically benevolent, working in interest of entire community 120 NA NA v761. Checks on Leaders' Power Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 5 1 Few, or those which exist not invoked very often 24 2 Checks exist which seem to make leaders sensitive to populace 38 3 Leaders carefully secure substantial support before taking action 19 4 No leaders act independently lest their community backing lost 100 NA NA v762. (No) Removal of Leaders Who Are Incompetent or Disliked { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 11 1 No way other than rebellion or popular uprisings 18 2 Institutionalized means invoked occasionally, possibly by elites 30 3 Not removed in formal manner but lose influence and are ignored 18 4 No formal leadership, loss of power when support diminishes 109 NA NA v763. (Low) Leaders' Exercise of Authority { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 24 1 Frequently act independently and make authoritative decisions 26 2 Make relatively few decisions on own without consultation 37 3 Use persuasion to help organized and structure group action 99 NA NA v764. (Few) Decision Making Bodies: How Most Decisions Are Made { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=88; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 23 1 Individual(s), perhaps with advice of few advisors 16 2 Individual(s), working with an elite council 14 3 Individual(s), working with a broad based council 19 4 Broad based community council 16 5 Few explicit decisions, some made by community at large 98 NA NA v765. (Low) Political Participation: Range of Community Decision Making { Extent to Which Community Control Is Exercised over Different Areas of Life through Collective Decision Making, Which May Be of a Formal or Informal Nature. (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=88; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 26 1 Collective decisions impinge on many aspects of peoples lives 18 2 Collective decisions impinge on a moderate number of areas 25 3 Collective decisions impinge on few aspects of peoples lives 19 4 Minimal collective decisions which impinge on peoples lives 98 NA NA v766. (Low) Political Participation: Extensivity of Adult Participation in Areas Where Collective Decision Making Present { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=84; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 13 1 Widespread: decision making forums open to all adults and involvement is relatively great 31 2 High or some: widespread for some groups, but exclusion of others on the basis of gender, age, or kinship status 24 3 Moderate: some consultation present but low input from community 16 4 Low or non-existent: Leaders make most decisions and involvement of average person highly limited or absent 102 NA NA v767. (No) Conflict (Social or Political) in the Local Community { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 4 1 Endemic: a reality of daily existence (e.g., physical violence, feuding, bitter factionalism) 20 2 High: Conflict present but not a pervasive aspect of daily life 46 3 Moderate: Disagreements and differences do not result in high violence or severe disruption 20 4 Mild or rare 96 NA NA v768. (No) Conflict between Communities of the Same Society { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 25 1 Endemic: High physical violence, feuding, and/or raiding occur regularly 23 2 Moderately High, often involving physical violence 21 3 Moderate: Disputes may occur regularly but tendency to manage them in a more or less peaceful manner 20 4 Mild or rare 97 NA NA v769. Conflict Management in Local Community: Dominant Mode Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=88; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 31 1 Conflicting parties encouraged to find a solution on their own 27 2 Conflicting parties easily draw new parties in but pressures for resolving disputes using informal mechanisms 30 3 Authorities often get involved and work to achieve a settlement 98 NA NA v770. (No) Resort to Physical Force by Disputants in Settling Disputes, Exclusive of Police or Institutionalized Force, { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 34 1 Often used 32 2 Sometimes used 24 3 Rarely or never used 96 NA NA v771. (No) Mediation/Negotiation/Arbitration: Third Parties in Disputes, Unable to Impose a Binding Decision, but May Facilitate Settlement { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=88; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 57 1 Often used (to settle disputes) 19 2 Sometimes used 12 3 Rarely or never used 98 NA NA v772. (No) Litigation: Use of Third Parties Offering Binding Decisions, with or without Formal Court Systems { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 27 1 Frequent involvement in litigation by society members 21 2 Occasional involvement 41 3 Rare or non-involvement 97 NA NA v773. (No) Internal Warfare (between Communities of Same Society) { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 31 1 Frequent, occurring at least yearly 14 2 Common, at least every five years 10 3 Occasional, at least every generation 30 4 Rare or never 101 NA NA v774. (No) External Warfare (with Other Societies) { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=84; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 45 1 Frequent, occurring at least yearly 13 2 Common, at least every five years 6 3 Occasional, at least every generation 20 4 Rare or never 102 NA NA v775. (Low) Compliance of Individuals with Community Norms and Decisions { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 43 1 High 31 2 Moderate 12 3 Highly Variable 100 NA NA v776. (Few) Formal Sanctions and Enforcement for Community Decisions { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 23 1 Great sanctioning power available 32 2 Some 35 3 Little or none 96 NA NA v777. (No) Enforcement Specialists (e.g., Police, Tax Collectors) { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 29 1 Present 21 2 Not specialized but done by leaders who do other things as well 39 3 Absent, or carried out by social pressure of wider community 97 NA NA v778. (Low) Loyalty to the Local Community { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=83; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 30 1 Especially high 33 2 High 14 3 Moderate 6 4 Low 103 NA NA v779. (Low) Loyalty to the Wider Society (in Some Cases Indistinguishable from the Local Community) { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=84; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 11 1 Especially high -- uniformly high across groups 16 2 High for the most part across groups in the society 33 3 Moderate -- some noticeable variation across groups in society 24 4 Low -- not terribly salient or rarely important as a concern 102 NA NA v780. (Low) Hostility toward Other Societies { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=74; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 28 1 Extensive: bitter feelings toward almost all outsiders 18 2 High: bitter feelings toward outsiders, but not always 17 3 Moderate: sometimes bitter feelings, but much differentiation 11 4 Low: little hostility toward outsiders 112 NA NA v781. (Un) Acceptability of Violence toward Members of the Local Community { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 7 2 Acceptable 18 3 Tolerated 61 4 Disapproved 100 NA NA v782. (Un) Acceptability of Violence toward Members of the Same Society, but outside the Local Community { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 12 1 Valued 28 2 Acceptable 10 3 Tolerated 27 4 Disapproved 109 NA NA v783. (Un) Acceptability of Violence toward People in Other Societies { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=64; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 39 1 Valued 16 2 Acceptable 3 3 Tolerated 6 4 Disapproved 122 NA NA v784. (No) Taxation Paid to Community (e.g., in Agricultural Produce, Labor, Finished Goods) { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 31 1 Regular and non-negligible taxes to community 20 2 Only in special situations or Modest level 34 3 None 101 NA NA v785. (No) Local Political Fission of Dissatisfied Persons { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=64; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 30 1 Often move to another community following disputes 20 2 Sometimes move to another community following disputes 14 3 Rarely or never move to another community following disputes 122 NA NA v786. Adult Mobility Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=79; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 18 1 Adults generally attached to particular communities throughout their lives, especially after marriage 22 2 Individuals occasionally move to new communities as adults 39 3 Movement between communities is quite common for adults 107 NA NA v787. (Low) Contact with Other Societies { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 45 1 Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc. 28 2 Occasional but not often 14 3 Rare or never 99 NA NA v788. Cross-cutting Ties: Extent to Which Individuals Living in Different Communities of the Same Society Linked Together in Politically Relevant Ways Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 34 1 No politically relevant links, formal organizations, or strong informal obligations which extend beyond the local community 30 2 Some politically relevant ties, but wider society divided into some discrete groups not linked through cross-cutting ties 25 3 Cross-cutting ties link individuals throughout the society, cutting across territorial groups in one or more ways 97 NA NA v789. Type of Cross-cutting Ties: Age Organizations (Grades, Sets) Cutting across Communities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 78 1 Absent 5 2 Present but not politically important 6 3 Present and political important 97 NA NA v790. Type of Cross-cutting Ties: Kinship Organizations Cutting across Communities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 23 1 Absent 27 2 Present but not politically important 40 3 Present and political important 96 NA NA v791. Type of Cross-cutting Ties: Moieties Cutting across Communities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 76 1 Absent 8 2 Present but not politically important 5 3 Present and political important 97 NA NA v792. Types of Cross-cutting Ties: Ritual Organizations (Religious, Cult Groups) Cutting across Communities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 42 1 Absent 27 2 Present but not politically important 20 3 Present and political important 97 NA NA v793. (Low) Female Participation in Public Political Arenas, Relative to Males { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=80; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 8 1 High: in some situations equal to or greater than that of men 27 2 Significant but not as high as male involvement 19 3 Not great but clearly some role for women in public aspects of political life 26 4 Women generally excluded from public aspects of politics 106 NA NA v794. (Low) Female Participation in Private Political Arenas, Relative to Males { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=66; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 35 1 High: in some situations equal to or greater than that of men 15 2 Significant but not as high as male involvement 12 3 Not great but clearly some role for women in private aspects of political life 4 4 Women do not seem to get involved in political life in private arenas 120 NA NA v795. (Low) Gender Differences in Political or Quasi-political Positions of Authority { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=84; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 8 1 Women and men eligible for some of the same positions and women commonly do so 18 2 Women and men eligible for some of the same positions and women occasionally do so 7 3 Women rarely, if ever, hold some of the same positions regardless of rules of eligibility 51 4 The same political positions are not open to both women and men 102 NA NA v796. (No) Separate Female Organizations and Positions { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=69; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 22 1 Some associations or organizations under exclusive control of women 15 2 No associations but some positions of authority for which only women are eligible 32 3 No associations or positions exclusively controlled by women 117 NA NA v797. (Low) Coder Assessment of Data Quality { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 14 1 Especially high -- judgments not difficult to make 31 2 Good -- some missing data, those available seemed good 34 3 Moderate but acceptable -- a good deal of inference sometimes required 11 4 Weak for certain variables with much missing data and only the most general descriptions for some domains 96 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Ronald P. Rohner, D. Scott Berg, and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1982. Data Quality Control in the Standard Sample: Cross-Cultural Codes. Ethnology 21: 359-372. ----------------------------------------------------------- The references used for coding the sample were derived from Barry and Paxson's (1971) research on infancy and childhood. v798. Date of Publication Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=65 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1940.269 min 1780 max 1972 sd 26.866 v799. Number of Pages in the Book Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=163 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 299.156 min 6 max 1449 sd 239.79 v800. Number of Pages Related to Child Training Practices Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=41 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 12.914 min 0 max 273 sd 26.785 v801. Proportion of Book Devoted to Child Training 0 - 99 Pct Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=88 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 0.061 min 0 max 0.999 sd 0.113 v802. Year Fieldwork Began Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=73; Number of unique values=41 Stat Value nobs 73 mean 1935.685 min 1869 max 1965 sd 19.05 v803. Total Months of Fieldwork Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=83; Number of unique values=30 Stat Value nobs 83 mean 22.711 min 2 max 99 sd 26.848 v804. Age of Informants Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=80; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 66 1 Adults 14 2 Children and Adults 106 NA NA v805. Sex of Informants Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=80; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 39 1 Males 6 2 Females 35 3 Both 106 NA NA v806. Number of Informants Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=81; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 14 1 1 31 2 2 or 3 20 3 4 through 7 2 4 8 through 10 14 5 11 or more 105 NA NA v807. Repeated Observation of Different Families' Socialization Practices Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 123 1 No (but not distinguished from missing data) 63 2 Yes be clearly distinguished from cases where the verification efforts identified by the codes were not used.] v808. Use of Multiple Informants to Collect Data on Child Rearing Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 119 1 No (but not distinguished from missing data) 67 2 Yes v809. Use of Tests (e.g., Rorschach, Tat, Sentence Completion, I.q.) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 167 1 No (but not distinguished from missing data) 19 2 Yes v810. Other Verification Efforts Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 179 1 No (but not distinguished from missing data) 7 2 Yes v811. Number of Verification Efforts Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=94; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 3 0 none 41 1 1 36 2 2 3 3 3 5 4 4 6 5 5 or more 92 NA NA v812. Language Familiarity ** (e.g., by Ethnographers) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 31 1 Little or none 35 2 Some 23 3 Fluent 97 NA NA v813. Community Involvement ** (e.g., by Ethnographers) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 17 1 Limited 38 2 Intermediate 36 3 Extensive 95 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Herbert Barry III and Alice Schlegel. 1982. Cross-Cultural Codes on Contributions by Women to Subsistence. Ethnology 21: 165-188. ----------------------------------------------------------- Percent Importance in Contribution to Subsistence and Trade Computed indirectly from variables 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 1. v814. Importance of Agriculture Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=17 Freq Value 38 0 17 5 2 15 3 20 7 25 2 30 18 35 10 40 12 45 26 55 23 60 13 65 4 70 7 75 2 80 1 85 1 99 v815. Importance of Domes. Anim Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=13 Freq Value 50 0 66 5 3 10 4 15 9 20 35 25 3 35 4 55 8 60 1 65 1 70 1 80 1 90 v816. Importance of Fishing Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=15 Freq Value 30 0 78 5 2 10 5 15 8 20 39 25 1 35 5 40 3 45 2 50 3 55 1 60 3 65 4 70 2 90 v817. Importance of Hunting Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=16 Freq Value 25 0 85 5 2 10 3 15 11 20 36 25 2 30 2 35 7 40 4 45 2 50 1 55 1 60 1 65 3 70 1 80 v818. Importance of Gathering Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=13 Freq Value 20 0 116 5 1 10 1 15 10 20 22 25 2 30 2 35 3 40 5 45 1 50 1 65 2 75 v819. Importance of Trade Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value 65 0 80 5 2 10 1 15 7 20 29 25 1 55 1 65 v820. Principal Subsistence Category Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 10 1 G Gathering 16 2 H Hunting 23 3 F Fishing 18 4 I Incipient Agriculture 16 5 D Domestic Animals 46 6 E Extensive Agriculture 55 7 N Intensive Agriculture 2 8 T Trade Percent Female Contribution to Subsistence Tasks computed indirectly from the variables 108-112 (agriculture), 113-115 (domestic animals), 101, 104, 107 (Fishing), 103, 105, 106 (Hunting), and 99, 100, 102 (Gathering) v821. Percent Female Contribution to Agriculture Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=142; Number of unique values=29 Stat Value nobs 142 mean 39.38 min 0 max 100 sd 23.764 v822. Percent Female Contribution to Domestic Animals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=114; Number of unique values=31 Stat Value nobs 114 mean 43.974 min 0 max 100 sd 35.59 v823. Percent Female Contribution to Fishing Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=140; Number of unique values=21 Freq Value Description 64 0 0 1 5 5 2 13 13 4 15 15 6 19 19 5 20 20 23 25 25 1 30 30 4 33 33 3 35 35 2 38 38 5 42 42 3 44 44 1 45 45 5 50 50 1 63 63 1 65 65 1 67 67 5 75 75 2 81 81 1 100 100 46 NA NA v824. Percent Female Contribution to Hunting Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=158; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 138 0 0 4 5 5 4 8 8 2 10 10 1 13 13 4 15 15 1 17 17 1 20 20 1 25 25 2 33 33 28 NA NA v825. Percent Female Contribution to Gathering Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=137; Number of unique values=26 Freq Value Description 14 0 0 1 11 11 1 19 19 8 25 25 1 30 30 1 31 31 3 33 33 4 38 38 1 39 39 1 40 40 2 42 42 3 45 45 13 50 50 7 56 56 1 57 57 2 58 58 2 60 60 2 63 63 1 65 65 2 67 67 2 69 69 1 70 70 23 75 75 1 81 81 2 88 88 38 100 100 49 NA NA v826. Average Female Contribution to Subsistence { Percentages, Computed from Weighted Sum of Variables: (814x821 + 815x822 + 816x823 + 817x824 + 818x825)/(100-819). This differs from Barry's calculations by at most 1%. Two additional societies are coded with 50% or more trade dependence. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=63 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 32.869 min 0 max 79 sd 16.55 ============================================================ SOURCE: Herbert Barry, III, and Alice Schlegel. 1984. Measurements of Adolescent Sexual Behavior in the Standard Sample of Societies. Ethnology 23: 315-332. ----------------------------------------------------------- Encouragement of sexual behavior, taking into account its frequency, emotional intensity, importance, and variety (including range of partners) in adolescence. Heterosexual intercourse is the principal criterion, but heterosexual foreplay, masturbation, homosexuality, sexual jokes, and exposing the genitals were also considered. v827. Sexual Expression in Adolescent Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=154; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 9 1 1 27 2 Not approved or admired by parents or authorities Mild forms (e.g. sexual jokes) sometimes approved. 5 3 3 12 4 4 33 5 Normally and generally approved [by parents, etc.] Moderate frequency, intensity, importance, variety 15 6 6 7 7 7 44 8 Strongly approved and valued [by parents, etc.] High frequency, variety of sexual behavior admired. 2 9 9 32 NA NA v828. Sexual Expression in Adolescent Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=158; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 0 0 23 1 1 37 2 Not approved or admired by parents or authorities Mild forms (e.g. sexual jokes) sometimes approved. 3 3 3 10 4 4 31 5 Normally and generally approved [by parents, etc.] Moderate frequency, intensity, importance, variety 9 6 6 7 7 7 34 8 Strongly approved and valued [by parents, etc.] High frequency, variety of sexual behavior admired. 3 9 9 28 NA NA The absence of sexual restraints such as taboos or restrictions on heterosexual intercourse and other erotic behavior, including heterosexual play, masturbation, and homosexuality. A high degree of modesty, such as the requirement to keep the genitals constantly covered in public, indicates moderate restraint. Incest taboos, if highly emphasized or widely extended, are considered as indicators of restraint. Note: Sexual nonrestraint = Sexual expression + 1 more or less. The authors indicate the advisability of using the sum of the two scores as a Sexual Freedom index. v829. Sexual Nonrestraint in Adolescent Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 4 1 1 21 2 Strictly and effectively prohibited 7 3 3 10 4 4 30 5 Disapproved and punished mildly and inconsistent 13 6 6 5 7 7 45 8 Condoned and not generally punished 20 9 9 31 NA NA v830. Sexual Nonrestraint in Adolescent Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=159; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 0 0 7 1 1 36 2 Strictly and effectively prohibited 10 3 3 9 4 4 32 5 Disapproved and punished mildly and inconsistent 9 6 6 3 7 7 37 8 Condoned and not generally punished 15 9 9 27 NA NA Differentiation of adolescent from preadolescent activities, status, and all other attributes of behavior and self-concept v831. Differentiation of Adolescence from Childhood for Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=166; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 48 1 Low, mostly the same, no formal transition. Frequent companionship between the two stages 57 2 Substantial, but inconsistent, not formalized, or companionship only for some activities 61 3 High, with formal transition. Infrequent companionship with younger children. 20 NA NA v832. Differentiation of Adolescence from Childhood for Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=164; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 62 1 Low, mostly the same, no formal transition. Frequent companionship between the two stages 59 2 Substantial, but inconsistent, not formalized, or companionship only for some activities 43 3 High, with formal transition. Infrequent companionship with younger children. 22 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: George P. Murdock and Douglas R. White. 1969. Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. Ethnology 8: 329-369. ----------------------------------------------------------- v833. Subsistence Economy: Dominant Mode Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 56 1 Advanced Agriculture 18 2 Horticulture 51 3 Simple or Shifting Cultivation 15 4 Domestic Animals 1 5 Exchange 17 6 Fishing 13 7 Gathering 15 8 Hunting v834. Subsistence Economy: Subsidiary Mode Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=96; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 1 Advanced Agriculture 33 4 Domestic Animals 3 5 Exchange 22 6 Fishing 10 7 Gathering 26 8 Hunting 90 NA NA v835. Political Integration Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 80 1 Independent local communities 49 2 Single level of political integration 24 3 Two levels of supra-community integration 33 4 Three or more levels of supra-community integration v836. Rule of Descent: Primary Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 24 1 Matrilineal, with non-avunculocal residence 6 2 Matrilineal, with predominantly avunculocal residence 66 3 Nonlineal or bilateral, i.e., without lineages though often with personal kindreds 71 4 Patrilineal 2 5 Quasi-Patrilineal, incipient or decadent patrilineages (5) 10 6 Ambilineal, e.g., with nonunilineal ramages 6 8 Patrilineal, with Matrilineal secondary 1 9 Matrilineal, predominantly avunculocal residence, with Patrilineal secondary v837. Adequacy of Hraf File Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 51 0 No File 98 1 Inadequate 26 2 Useful 11 3 Satisfactory v838. Pinpointing Date by Year Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=76 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1853.333 min -1750 max 1965 sd 358.382 v840. Outline of World Cultures Region, Sub-region, and Societal Code (Murdock 1975) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=139; Number of unique values=138 First six non-missing records: society v840 Nama FX13 Kung FX10 Thonga FT06 Lozi FQ09e Mbundu FP13e Bemba FQ05e v841. Ethnographic Atlas Region, Sub-region, and Societal Code (Murdock 1962) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=181 First six non-missing records: society v841 Nama Aa 3 Kung Aa 1 Thonga Ab 4 Lozi Ab 3 Mbundu Ab 4 Suku Ac17 v842. Ethnographic Atlas Sequence Number (Murdock 1962) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 358.699 min 1 max 1267 sd 365.274 v843. Atlas of World Cultures Region, Sub-region, and Societal Code (Murdock 1981) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=176; Number of unique values=174 First six non-missing records: society v843 Nama A01a Kung A02a Thonga A03a Lozi A03f Mbundu A04a Suku A05a ============================================================ SOURCE: Douglas R. White, John W. M. Whiting, and Michael L. Burton. 1986. New Codes. ----------------------------------------------------------- v854. Niche Temperature (Approximate) Adapted from William Goode, World Atlas Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 129 1 Very hot Af Am Aw Caf Caw BSh BWh 9 2 Hot Caw Hh_ BWn Bw 13 3 Warm Csb Cbw Hk BWk 14 4 Mild Cbf Cc BSk 3 5 Cool Daf Daw 4 6 Cold Dbf 11 7 Very cold Dcf Dcw 3 8 Polar ET v855. Niche Rainfall (Approximate) Adapted from William Goode, World Atlas Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 49 1 Tropical rainforest 36 2 Very wet 24 3 Wet 20 4 Moderately wet 35 5 Dry 3 6 Very dry 19 7 Desert v856. Niches Adapted from William Goode, World Atlas: No Key for Factor Levels Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=15 Freq Value Description 34 1 1 28 2 2 19 3 3 12 4 4 7 5 5 9 6 6 7 7 7 9 8 8 9 9 9 37 10 10 3 11 11 1 12 12 6 13 13 4 14 14 1 15 15 v857. Climate Type - Ordered in Terms of Open Access to Rich Ecological Resources D. White and M. Burton L986 Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 6 1 Polar 38 2 Desert or cold steppe 50 3 Tropical rainforest 39 4 Moist temperate 45 5 Tropical savanna 8 6 Tropical highlands levels 1-4 FORAGERS: 80% or more dependence on food collection levels 5-6 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS: Pastoralism >33% or Mounted Hunting levels 7-8 SHIFTING CULTIVATION: new field cleared annually, cultivated for a year or two, then allowed to revert to forest levels 9-10 HORTICULTURE: semi-intensive agriculture limited mainly to vegetal gardens or groves of fruit trees rather than field crops levels 11-12 INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE: permanent fields or short fallow and long period of use of fields, with fertilization by compost, animal manure, crop rotation, or other v858. Subsistence Type - Ecological Classification D. White, 1984, after Karen and Jeffrey Paige (L981) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 9 1 Gathering 9 2 Hunting and/or Marine Animals 12 3 Fishing 8 4 Anadromous Fishing (spawning fish such as Salmon) 5 5 Mounted Hunting 18 6 Pastoralism 33 7 Shifting Cultivation, with digging sticks or wooden hoes 19 8 Shifting Cultivation, with metal hoes 18 9 Horticultural Gardens or Tree Fruits 23 11 Intensive Agriculture, with no plow 32 12 Intensive Agriculture, with plow v859. Resource Base - Reclassification of above, as per Paige and Paige Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 9 1 (2) Hunting and/or Marine Animals 9 2 (1) Gathering 12 3 (3) Fishing 5 4 (5) Mounted Hunting 33 5 (7) Shifting Cultivation, with digging sticks or wooden hoes 8 6 (4) Anadromous Fishing 18 7 (9) Horticultural Gardens or Tree Fruits 23 8 (11) Intensive Agriculture, with no plow 19 10 (8) Shifting Cultivation, with metal hoes 18 11 (6) Pastoralism 32 12 (12) Intensive Agriculture, with plow ============================================================ SOURCE: Douglas R. White. 1988. Rethinking Polygyny: Co-Wives, Codes, and Cultural Systems. Current Anthropology 29:529-559. (project begun in collaboration with Michael L. Burton, and John W. M. Whiting). ----------------------------------------------------------- v860. Cultural Basis of Polygyny Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 27 1 Monogamy prescribed 32 2 Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny 45 3 Polygyny preferred by individual men with leadership attributes (chiefs, medicine men, outstanding hunters) 34 4 Polygyny preferred by men of a higher social class: men of wealth, rank, nobility, etc. 46 5 Polygyny preferred by most men, and attained by most men of sufficient years or wealth to obtain wives. Thus: (a) older men usually have more wives; (b) polygyny is generally based on the accumulation of wealth; and (c) extra wives are an economic asset in terms of labor. 2 NA NA v861. Standard Polygamy Code: Whyte, Murdock and Wilson, Murdock Atlas Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=178; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 0 Polyandry 27 1 Monogamy prescribed 33 2 Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny 56 3 Limited polygyny < 20 pct of married males 60 4 Full polygyny 20 pct or more of married males 8 NA NA NOTE: There is sufficient information for an exclusively non-sororal category, see especially Murdock's Africa (1959). Probably also sufficient for sororal preferred but not predominant. v862. Sororal Polygyny Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=164; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 25 1 No polygyny (M) 94 2 Non-sororal polygyny predominant (Atlas PQ) (sororal may or may not be permitted) 36 3 Sororal or marriage to wifes kin predominant (Atlas RS) 9 4 Sororal or secondary marriage to wifes kin only 22 NA NA v863. Distance between Co-wives Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 1 0 One wife, multiple husbands 25 1 One wife (Atlas M) 59 2 Co-residence for multiple wives (Atlas PR) 25 3 One wife resides with husband, others in separate houses 13 4 One wife resides with husband, others in separate communities 31 5 Separate housing in compound for every wife (Atlas QS) 2 6 Separate housing in village for every wife [as might occur, for example, with mens houses, e.g., Otoro - check] 30 NA NA v864. Rooming Arrangement for Wives Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 130 1 Wife sleeps in same room with husband 50 2 Wife sleeps in room apart from husbands room, including cases of mens dormitories or 30 pct or more polygynously married women if co-wives sleep apart (e.g., Trobriand chiefs wives constitute circa 39 pct of the married women) 6 NA NA v865. Rooming Arrangement for Husband Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 141 1 Husband has no room apart (dominant pattern, e.g., for Trobriand commoners) 38 2 Husband has a room apart, even if rotates among wives 7 NA NA v866. Higher Rates of Polygyny for Men of Wealth, Rank, Nobility, or Higher Social Class Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=154; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 63 0 No Stratified polygyny 14 1 Hereditary upper social class (note: incompletely coded) 6 2 Achieved rank connected with groups (note: incompletely coded) 71 3 Achieved wealth - due to contributions of wives 32 NA NA v867. Multiple Wives for Skilled Hunters Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 141 0 No, or unimportant 22 1 exceptional skill in hunting 23 NA NA v868. Multiple Wives for Leaders, Headmen, Chiefs Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 95 0 No, or unimportant 67 1 Yes, or Leaders have more wives than commoners 24 NA NA NOTE: sometimes coded 0 for General polygyny although magicians also polygynous - unclear whether higher polygyny level should be required in this instance for this code v869. Multiple Wives for Medicine Men or Shamans Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 141 0 No, or unimportant 20 1 Yes 25 NA NA NOTE: It is often difficult to distinguish secondary wives taken as slave concubines, or marriage to freed slaves, and wives taken from capture in warfare, as slavery areas often capture slaves v870. Additional Wives or Concubines from Slavery or Capture in Warfare Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=158; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 92 1 No female captives 8 2 Women taken as captives but not married 58 3 Captives in war or slaves taken as wives or concubines 28 NA NA v871. Percentage of Married Men with More than One Wife Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=145; Number of unique values=39 Stat Value nobs 145 mean 15.703 min 0 max 90 sd 19.578 v872. Percentage of Married Women Polygynously Married (Share Husband with One or More Co-wives) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=143; Number of unique values=53 Stat Value nobs 143 mean 25.287 min 0 max 97 sd 27.855 v873. Reliability of Data for Percentage Polygynously Married Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=128; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 87 1 Direct percentages: good quantitative data 13 2 Direct percentages for male polygyny, female polygyny estimated for minimum of two wives per man, where if 2 3 percentage female polygyny estimated from ratios of men with different numbers of wives, provided by ethnographer 3 4 lower of two or more censuses used, or estimates where there is some other reason to believe that true percentages are higher for both males and females 23 5 estimates from 0 to 5 pct male polygyny inferred from statements about limited polygyny; these are doubled for female percentages (a minimal estimate) 58 NA NA v874. Polygyny Data Source Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=140; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 55 1 Sample of over 100 married men 29 2 Sample of less than 100 married men, but of an entire settlement 48 3 Estimate from Ethnographer Statements 8 4 Estimate by Inference from Ethnographer Statements 46 NA NA v875. Date for Polygyny Code Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=120; Number of unique values=19 Freq Value Description 1 -1750 -1750 1 110 110 1 1630 1630 1 1750 1750 1 1820 1820 1 1830 1830 2 1840 1840 5 1850 1850 4 1860 1860 4 1870 1870 3 1880 1880 7 1890 1890 4 1900 1900 5 1910 1910 14 1920 1920 25 1930 1930 20 1940 1940 17 1950 1950 4 1960 1960 66 NA NA v876. Polygyny Distributions Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 25 1 True Binomial 26 2 Negative Binomial 135 NA NA v877. Polygyny Guttman Scale I: Co-wife Autonomy Constructed from 854-852 Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=181; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 69 0 None of the following 51 1 Stratified Polygyny (854) only 6 2 Negative binomial (855), plus above 13 3 Marriage of female captives (858), plus above 7 4 General polygyny (849), plus above 9 5 Rooming apart (853), plus above 26 6 Polygynous compounds (852), plus above 5 NA NA v878. Polygyny Guttman Scale II: Charismatic Constructed from 851-855 Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 44 0 None of the following 72 1 Rooming together (853) only 26 2 Co-Wives same dwelling (852), plus above 25 3 Sororal (851), plus above 9 4 Polygynous hunters (855), plus above 6 5 Exclusive sororal polygyny (851), plus above 4 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Michael J. Winkelman and Douglas R. White. 1986. Cross Cultural Study of Magico-Religious Practitioners: Database. World Cultures 2(3). ----------------------------------------------------------- Samples every 4th society in the Standard Sample (1, 5, 9, ...), but societies 9 and 185 have insufficient data to code; 2 added v879. Shaman Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 34 0 Absent 13 1 Present 139 NA NA v880. Shaman/Healer Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 36 0 Absent 11 1 Present 139 NA NA v881. Healer Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Absent 17 1 Present 5 2 Present - with characteristics of the Healer, but not 139 NA NA v882. Medium Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 30 0 Absent 17 1 Present 139 NA NA v883. Sorcerer/Witch Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 29 0 Absent 17 1 Present (Note: the Roman practitioner known as a 140 NA NA v884. Priest Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 19 0 Absent 28 1 Present 139 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Douglas R. White. Scales constructed from existing codes. ----------------------------------------------------------- v885. Female Contribution to Subsistence: Ethnographic Atlas Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=152; Number of unique values=31 Stat Value nobs 152 mean 34.658 min 0 max 75 sd 17.318 v886. Female Contribution to Subsistence: Martin Whyte Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=72; Number of unique values=33 Stat Value nobs 72 mean 38.972 min 0 max 90 sd 16.074 v887. Female Contribution to Subsistence: Barry and Schlegel Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=63 Stat Value nobs 185 mean 32.757 min 0 max 79 sd 16.635 v888. Female Contribution to Subsistence: Maximal Difference of Three Scores Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=39 Stat Value nobs 163 mean 14.607 min 0 max 52 sd 10.475 v889. Female Contribution to Subsistence: Average of Three Scores Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=57 Stat Value nobs 185 mean 34.497 min 0 max 80 sd 15.308 v890. Female Contribution to Subsistence: Average of Three Scores (Ordinated) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 5 0 0- 4 pct 13 1 5-14 pct 27 2 15-24 pct 45 3 25-34 pct 48 4 35-44 pct 34 5 45-54 pct 8 6 55-64 pct 4 7 65-74 pct 1 8 75-84 pct 1 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Valerie Wheeler [Nammour], l974. Drums and Guns: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Nature of War. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Oregon. ----------------------------------------------------------- References cited: Naroll, Raoul. 1966. Does military deterrence deter? Trans-Action 3(2): 14-20. and Otterbein, Keith F. 1970. The Evolution of War: A Cross-cultural study. HRAF Press. v891. Frequency of Internal War Otterbein (1970: 3, 84, 143) Definition of Internal War { (Var Label Reversed) Otterbein's (1970: 3, 84, 143) definition of internal war excludes feuding: warfare between political communities within the cultural unit, i.e., continguous political communities that are culturally similar. p. 3: Warfare is defined as armed combat between political communities. Armed combat, which is fighting with weapons, is performed by military organizations. When political communities within the same cultural unit engage in warfare, this is considered to be internal war. p. 143: If there is more than one military organization within a political community, and these ... engage in armed combat, this is considered feuding or civil war, depending on the scope of the conflict. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 17 1 Continual 54 2 Frequent 89 3 Infrequent 26 NA NA v892. Frequency of External War - Attacking [follows Otterbein 1970: 84, 143-144] { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 31 1 Continual 61 2 Frequent 65 3 Infrequent 29 NA NA v893. Frequency of External War - Being Attacked [follows Otterbein 1970: 84, 143-144] { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=153; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 1 Continual 67 2 Frequent 60 3 Infrequent 33 NA NA v894. Form of Military Mobilization [adapted from Otterbein 1970: 144] { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 60 1 Age-grades, military societies, standing armies 86 2 None of above: but men organized as friends, family, lineage,clan 14 3 Absence of military organization altogether 26 NA NA v895. Decision to Engage in War [follows Otterbein 1970: 28-29, 144] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=137; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 102 1 Taken by official or council of the political community 35 2 Anyone 49 NA NA v896. Commencement of War [follows Otterbein 1970: 32, 144] Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=133; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 21 1 By announcement 8 2 By mutual agreement 104 3 By surprise attack 53 NA NA v897. Conclusion of War [follows Otterbein 1970: 35, 144] Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=133; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 61 1 By negotiation 52 2 By simply stopping 20 3 War is not ended but is continual 53 NA NA v898. Peace Ceremony { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=82; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 61 1 Present 21 2 Absent 104 NA NA v899. Military Expectations I-pre-state [follows Naroll L966, with Modifications by Otterbein 1970] { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=167; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 99 1 High, with any one of the following present: Subjugation of territory or people (909) Collection of tribute (910) Land - fields, hunting/fishing territory, pastures (911) Trophies and honors (including captives for sacrifice) (913) 68 2 Low, absence of any of the above 19 NA NA v900. Military Expectations II-state { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=166; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 76 1 High, with any one of the following present: Subjugation of territory or people (909) Collection of tribute (910) Land - fields, hunting/fishing territory, pastures (911) 90 2 Low, absence of any of the above 20 NA NA v901. Casualty Rate Poor Correlation with Ember 2005 Male Mortality in War [follows Otterbein 1970: 81, 146] { (Var Label Reversed) This has turned out to be a difficult variable to code; information does not exist in most cases. Wheeler l974:270 } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=79; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 35 1 High (1/3rd or more of combatants) 44 2 Low 107 NA NA v902. Leadership during Battle [modified from Otterbein 1970: 23-28, 144] { When I drew up this variable, I neglected to allow for those cases where a leader has an official position -- appointed war chief, hereditary war chief -- and is very aware of the honor and respect of this office but still has no means to force followers to obey. His formality may be hollow if people choose to disregard his direction. Wheeler l974:272 } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=142; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 62 1 An official who could back up his decision by force 67 2 An informal leader whom people obeyed because of respect, but who had no means to force warriors to obey 13 3 Everyone is on his own 44 NA NA v903. Prestige Associated with Being a Soldier or Warrior { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=151; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 61 1 A great deal; important for every male 64 2 some, not necessary to be a warrior to have influence in the community 26 3 No special consideration, respect, or distinctions for a man who fights 35 NA NA v904. Cowardice: Defined As { This variable is a failure, but for an interesting reason. With very few exceptions, even including professionally trained ethnographers, observers simply do not state what action brings down an accusation of cowardice. Cowardice is often mentioned, but not what it is seen to be. Wheeler 1974: 273. } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 27 1 Refusing to fight 29 2 Leaving companions 2 3 Running away 128 NA NA v905. Rewards (Special Gifts, Praises, or Ceremonies, Not including Ritual Purification for a Man Who Has Killed an Enemy in Battle or Otherwise Shown Skill in War) { (Var Label Reversed) This variable augments variable [903] Wheeler l974:273 } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=109; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 68 1 Yes, usually or always 16 2 Sometimes 25 3 Rarely or never 77 NA NA v906. Did Members of the Society Expect Violence to Solve Their Problems? { (Var Label Reversed) My operationalization of this variable breaks all the methodological rules and consequently is vulnerable to attack... the coder has used his assessment of the material overall.... I think the variable is enormously important, and eventually I hope to build some rigor ... into it. Wheeler l974:274-5. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=129; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 71 1 Yes 58 2 No 57 NA NA v907. Value of War: Violence/War against Non-members of the Group { (Var Label Reversed) This variable complements but does not duplicate, or resolve, variable [906].... Clumsy as this variable may seem, it was quite easy to code, largely due to clear observation by the ethnographer as to the value of war. The evidence may be comments by the observer, texts or poems and songs, or statements by the actors. Wheeler l974: 275 } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=146; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 72 1 Enjoyed and considered to have high value 51 2 Considered to be a necessary evil 23 3 Consistently avoided, denounced, not engaged in 40 NA NA v908. Military Success : Is Political Community/Cultural Unit Winning or Losing in the Long Run { (Var Label Reversed) [Modified from Otterbein 1970 to include population as well as territory] } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 42 1 Yes -- its boundaries/population are expanding 63 2 No change -- boundaries/population stationary (the population is able to replace those lost in war) 8 3 Breaking even -- what it loses in territory it takes from others 59 4 No -- its boundaries/population are shrinking 14 NA NA v909. Subjugation of Territory or People { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 35 1 Present 133 2 Absent or not mentioned 18 NA NA v910. Collection of Tribute { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 18 1 Present 150 2 Absent or not mentioned 18 NA NA v911. Acquisition of Land : Fields, Hunting/Fishing Territories, Pastures { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 50 1 Present 118 2 Absent or not mentioned 18 NA NA v912. Plunder (including Captives for Slaves, Hostages, Adoption) { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 104 1 Present 64 2 Absent or not mentioned 18 NA NA v913. Trophies and Honors (including Captives for Sacrifice) { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 49 1 Present 119 2 Absent or not mentioned 18 NA NA v914. Revenge { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=169; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 111 1 Present 58 2 Absent or not mentioned 17 NA NA v915. Defense { (Var Label Reversed) The coding of defense was generally difficult because so few authors specifically mentioned it. Following the rule [of coding no mentions as absences], I marked it as absent, I simply do not know where it was truly absent and where the ethnographer assumed that any ninny would know that it [must] exist. Otterbein (1970) also had difficulty coding this attribute because of such an assumption. Therefore, I do not consider my quantitative results on defense to be reliable. Otterbein made one useful distinction that I could not implement satisfactorily. He coded the military expectations in order of importance -- first, second, third. There were too many cases where I could not make such a judgment, even if the data on expectations per se were good. Wheeler l974:270. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 97 1 Present 71 2 Absent or not mentioned 18 NA NA v916. Aggressive Defense (Pre-emptive Attack If Enemy Thought about to Attack) { (Var Label Reversed) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=167; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 13 1 Present 154 2 Absent or not mentioned 19 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Orlando Patterson. 1982. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ----------------------------------------------------------- Definitions: Patterson defines slaveholding as permanent dominant violation of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons. This excludes non-hereditary slavery, and thus does not include what Murdock (1967: 166) classifies as incipient slavery. His focus is on slaveholding societies, and excludes societies largely composed of former slaves. v917. Historical Frame for Pinpointing Date Where Slaveholding Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=23 Freq Value Description 119 -1 -1 1 0 0 1 1 No slaveholding 1 2 1750 BC 1 3 620 BC 1 4 Early 100s 1 5 1292 1 6 Early 1500s 1 7 Mid 1500s 1 8 1600-1650 1 9 Mid 1700s 2 10 Late 1700s 1 11 1780-1820 1 12 Early 1800s 2 13 1800-1910 4 14 1850-1950 15 15 1800s 7 16 Mid 1800s 1 18 Late 1800s - Early 1900s 10 19 Late 1800s - 1910 4 20 Late 1800s - 1930s 6 21 Early 1900s 3 22 1900 - 1920s 1 NA NA v918. Manumission of Slaves Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 18 1 Infrequent 10 2 Not common 21 3 Frequent 17 4 No data on rates of manumission, but hereditary slaveholding is present by Pattersons definition 7 5 Hereditary slaveholding not present by Pattersons definition, although present by Murdocks definition 5 6 Hereditary slaveholding not present by Pattersons definition, although slavery present by Murdocks definition, unascertained as to whether hereditary 8 7 Hereditary slaveholding not present by Pattersons definition, although nonhereditary slavery present (e.g., slaves captured in warfare but not inherited) by Murdocks definition. 97 8 Slavery not present by either definition 2 9 Slavery not present by either definition, although the societies are largely composed of former slaves. 1 NA NA v919. Large Scale Slaveholding Systems: Recency Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 168 0 Not present 6 1 Present at or immediate prior to pinpointing date 6 2 Present within past fifty years 3 3 Present within past one hundred yesrs 2 4 Present within past two hundred years 1 5 Present within past three hundred years v920. Large Scale Slaveholding Systems: Proportion of Slaves Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 168 0 Not present 5 1 1/6 to 1/3 of society, sometimes more 6 2 1/3 or more 5 3 more than 40 percent 1 4 more than 50 percent 1 5 more than 80 percent ============================================================ SOURCE: Frederic L. Pryor, 1986. The Adoption of Agriculture: Some Theoretical and Empirical Evidence. American Anthropologist 88:894-897. ----------------------------------------------------------- v921. Agricultural Potential 1: Sum of Land Slope, Soils, Climate Scales Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=18 Freq Value Description 1 4 Poorest potential 1 6 6 5 8 8 1 9 9 2 10 10 7 11 11 8 12 12 5 13 13 14 14 14 10 15 15 16 16 16 24 17 17 25 18 18 29 19 19 24 20 20 7 21 21 5 22 22 2 23 Richest potential v922. Land Slope { Food and Agricultural Organization/Unesco. 1971-78. Soil Maps of the World. Unesco. [adjusted in Some Cases by Information Drawn from the Ethnographies] } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 29 4 Steeply dissected 15 5 5 36 6 Rolling to hilly (8 pct to 30 pct slope) 30 7 7 76 8 Level to gently undulating (0 to 8 pct slope) v923. Data Quality: Inferences (Land Slope V922) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 169 0 Good data 17 1 Inferential v924. Suitability of Soils for Agriculture { Food and Agricultural Organization/Unesco. 1971-78. Soil Maps of the World. Unesco. [qualitative Estimates from Soil Type Discussions] } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 4 0 Very Poor 30 2 Poor 3 3 3 99 4 Fair 11 5 5 30 6 Good 1 7 7 8 8 Very good v925. Data Quality: Inferences (Soils V924) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 180 0 Good data 6 1 Inferential v926. Climate Potential for Most Suitable Types of Crops { Papadakis, J. 1966. Climates of the World and their Agricultural Potential. Buenos Aires. [used to determine one of 73 climate types for each society] and Papadakis, J. 1970. Agricultural Potentialities of World Climates. Buenos Aires. [used to classify potentiality of climate type for different types of crops. Crops were divided into five classes: winter cereals, mid-season crops (sugar, beets, potatoes), other summer crops (cotton, peanuts, cassava), tree crops (bananas, coconuts), and summer cereals. For each a numerical climate rating was taken; the ratings for the two most favorable crop classes were averaged. Since some of these climate ratings assumed the presence of irrigation the ratings were adjusted as follows: (a) if rain index is 2 or less, subtract 5; (b) if rain index 3 or 4, subtract 3; (c) if rain index is above 4 but both leading crops require irrigation, subtract 3; (d) if rain index above 4 but one leading crop requires irrigation, subtract 1 ] } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 13 0 Non applicable, too cold for agriculture 14 3 Poor-Fair 8 4 Fair 21 5 Fair-Good 4 6 Good 47 7 Good-Very Good 79 8 Very good v927. Data Quality: Inferences (Climate V926) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 182 0 Good data 4 1 Inferential v928. Agricultural Potential 2: Lowest of Land Slope, Soils, Climate Scales Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 13 0 Lowest 27 2 Low 14 3 Medium-Low 92 4 Medium 16 5 Medium-High 17 6 High 3 7 High-Very High 4 8 Very High v929. Average Annual Rainfall { World Meteorological Organization. 1971. Climatological Norms (CLINO) for Climate and Climate Ship Stations for the period 1931-1960. Geneva. [corresponding to the weather station closed to the village or society] } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=171; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 4 0 0mm < rainfall < 20 mm 2 1 20mm < rainfall < 50 mm 14 2 50mm < rainfall < 100 mm 17 3 100mm < rainfall < 200 mm 1 4 200mm < rainfall < 400 mm 25 5 400mm < rainfall < 600 mm 13 7 800mm < rainfall < 1000 mm 95 8 1000mm < rainfall 15 NA NA v930. Data Quality: Inferences (Rainfall V929) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 184 0 Good data 2 1 Inferential ============================================================ SOURCE: Suzanne G. Frayser. 1985. Varieties of Sexual Experience. HRAF Press. ----------------------------------------------------------- Note: In this dataset, 0's for some information, but insufficient to code are not as yet distinguished from .'s for no information or not coded. For several of the codes [931, 932, 941, 951, 958, 969, 975, 978, 979] the original source should be consulted as these are originally rankings of multiple factors and only the highest ranked item is coded here. v931. Female Physical Appearance during the Daily Routine (Not Temporary Occasions Such as Ceremonial Gatherings) { Ranked According to the Severity of Physical Modification Involved } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=61; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 15 1 The amount, style, color, or material of the garment worn 5 2 Paraphernalia, e.g., belts, footwear, headgear and other accessories to the main garment, exclusive of jewelry 18 3 The amount, style, or placement of jewelry 7 4 The style, length, or color of head hair 5 6 The use of cosmetics, i.e., preparations applied to specific parts of the body to enhance their attractiveness, e.g., facial makeup, body scents, body oils, body paints, tooth blackeners 1 7 The removal of body hair, exclusive of head hair coded under 4, e.g., the removal of facial, axillary, or pubic hair 10 8 The deformation or mutilization of the body, exclusive of the genitals, i.e., a change in the form or the removal of a material part of the body, e.g., tattooing, cicatrization, cranial deformation, ear piercing 125 NA NA v932. Male Physical Appearance during the Daily Routine (Not Temporary Occasions Such as Ceremonial Gatherings) { Ranked According to the Severity of Physical Modification Involved } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=59; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 18 1 The amount, style, color, or material of the garment worn 7 2 Paraphernalia, e.g., belts, footwear, headgear and other accessories to the main garment, exclusive of jewelry 2 3 The amount, style, or placement of jewelry 9 4 The style, length, or color of head hair 8 5 The growth of facial hair, e.g., moustaches and beards 3 6 The use of cosmetics, i.e., preparations applied to specific parts of the body to enhance their attractiveness, e.g., facial makeup, body scents, body oils, body paints, tooth blackeners 3 7 The removal of body hair, exclusive of head hair coded under 4, e.g., the removal of facial, axillary, or pubic hair 8 8 The deformation or mutilization of the body, exclusive of the genitals, i.e., a change in the form or the removal of a material part of the body, e.g., tattooing, cicatrization, cranial deformation, ear piercing 1 9 The deformation or mutiliation of the genitals, e.g., clitoridectomy, circumcision, sewing the labia together 127 NA NA v933. Sleeping Arrangements of Adolescent Females: Where Unmarried but Sexually Mature Females Sleep in Relation to Sexually Mature Males in the Living Quarters { Ranked According to the Degree of Segregation of Female from Male Adolescents } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 2 1 Girls marry before or very soon after puberty and live in the dwelling of their prospective husband 15 2 Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents and sibs No special section reported for them 5 3 Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents but in a particular section or partitioned area for them and/or their female siblings 2 4 Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents but in a particular section for their mothers and female children Males sleep in a separate section 5 5 Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents with no partition reported, but the adolescent males sleep in a separate section 12 6 Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents with no partition reported, but the adolescent males sleep in a mens house or somewhere other than the natal dwelling 5 7 Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents. There is a special or partitioned area for them. The adolescent males sleep elsewhere 4 8 Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their mother, but adolescent and other mature males sleep elsewhere 7 9 Girls sleep in their own hut or separate dwelling for adolescent girls. Adolescent boys sleep in a mens house or some dwelling other than the one in which their parents reside 129 NA NA v934. Married Women: Where Spouses Sleep in the Living Quarters { Ranked According to the Degree of Spatial Separation between the Spouses during Sleep } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 17 1 W (wife) sleeps with her H (husband) in their own dwelling No rooms or partitions between them are specified 11 2 W sleeps with her H in a dwelling that contains more than one conjugal family. No partitioned area reported for them 13 3 W sleeps with her H in a partitioned area in dwelling that contains more than one conjugal family 3 4 W sleeps with her H in her dwelling, but he has a dwelling of his own or spends most of his time in the mens house or elsewhere, e.g., with another wife 5 5 W sleeps with her H in her own room or section of the dwelling, separate from the section of her H 11 6 W sleeps in her dwelling, and her H sleeps in his dwelling or in a mens house except for the times when intercourse is desired 126 NA NA v935. Eating Arrangements: the Spatial Arrangement of the Sexes during the Main Meal of the Day { Exclusive of Arrangements Operative during Ceremonies or When Guests Are Present. Ranked According to the Degree of Segregation between Males and Females during the Meal. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 14 1 Men and women eat together. No particular arrangement is specified for the sexes 4 2 Men and women eat together. There is a strict positioning of them in the eating area, e.g., positioning according to kinship 12 3 Men and women do not eat together in public but certain kin may eat together in private, e.g., husband and wife 12 4 Men and women do not eat together and eat in different areas 5 5 Men and women do not eat together; the separation is accomplished by their eating at different times 139 NA NA v936. Individual Ordeal Involved at the Onset of the Menses. the Categories Are Arranged According to the Severity of the Ordeal Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 14 1 There is no ordeal reported although there may be a change in physical appearance, living arrangements, or name 14 2 Three is a slight ordeal involved, e.g., a very short or relaxed period of seclusion, a few minor eating taboos, etc 7 3 There is a moderate ordeal involved, e.g., a strict period of seclusion, restaints on movement, numerous eating taboos, etc 12 4 There is a severe ordeal involved, e.g., a painful physical operation such as clitoridectomy, a lengthy seclusion with numerous taboos on movement, eating and social contacts, etc 139 NA NA v937. Social Celebration Involved at the Onset of the Menses { Arranged According to the Amount of Celebration and the Extent of Participation in It. If There Are Differences According to Class Level, Code According to the Celebrations for the Average Individual } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 26 1 There is no celebration of any kind 5 2 There is a small celebration, e.g., the family group has a party 11 3 There is a moderate celebration, e.g., family, friends, and/or small kin group have a feast, dance, give gifts 4 4 There is an elaborate celebration, e.g., the community, a large kin group, or other large social grouping celebrate or a smaller group has a celebration for an extended period of time 140 NA NA v938. The Social Signficance of Change in a Woman's Position with the Onset of Menstruation. the Categories Are { Ranked According to the Degree of Emphasis Placed on Her Ability to Bear Children } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 3 1 It is not thought to be especially significant beyond a change in dress, name, etc 7 2 Its main significance is that she is an adult who has more social responsibilities 6 3 The main significance is that she is now capable of having intercourse, wehther or not she actually engages in it 4 4 Its main significance is that she is eligible for marriage and can engage in intercourse 11 5 Its main significance is that she is eligible for marriage 4 6 Its main significance is that she is eligible for marriage and is an adult 3 7 Its main significance is that she is eligible for marriage and is capable of bearing children 3 8 Its main significance is that she is capable of bearing children 145 NA NA v939. Personal Restrictions or Regular Menstruation { Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Woman Is Socially Isolated during Her Menses } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 1 There is no restriction placed on her during this period, and she carries on her activities as usual 5 2 There are restrictions placed on her personal activities but not on her social contacts, e.g., cooking taboos, eating taboos, taboos on what she may touch 4 3 There are restrictions placed on her personal movements and social contacts, e.g., she must remain in her dwelling or in a certain area of the settlements, she should avoid certain people 10 4 There are few restrictions placed on her personal activities and social contacts 10 5 There are moderate restrictions placed on her movements and her personal activities, e.g., she is in a partitioned area of the dwelling, she may not cook, she may see only certain people, she cannot engage in her usual economic activities, relaxed seclusion 8 6 There are severe restrictions imposed on her movements and personal activities, e.g., she is isolated in a menstrual hut, she may see few if any people, she may not cook, she may not feed herself 147 NA NA v940. Social Danger: Which Person (S) Would Be Most Harmed If the Woman Did Not Adhere to Her Menstrual Restrictions { Ranked According to How Large a Group Is Thought to Be Endangered by the Woman's Actions. If More than One Category Is Involved, Code the Most Important Danger First, the Second Most Important One, Second } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=30; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 4 1 No one is thought to be endangered during this period 5 2 Only the menstruating woman is endangered 4 4 The woman endangers men. If both 3 & 4, code as 4 1 5 The woman endangers other women and/or children, e.g., the fertility of other women, newborn children 6 6 The woman endangers anyone with whom she comes in contact 10 7 The woman endangers her social group, e.g., the fertility of the crops, the response of the supernatural to them, harm to an important social functionary 156 NA NA v941. Personal Restrictions on Pregnancy { Ranked According to the Degree of Segregation from Social Contacts That Is Involved } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 7 0 Some information, but insufficient to code 3 1 No modification is reported 2 2 She modifies the usual garments she wears and/or the usual care of her body, e.g., she wears more loosefitting garments, wears amulets to ward off evil spirits, pays special attention to cleanliness, etc 11 3 She modifies the use of her sensory apparatus, e.g., she avoids hearing, seeing, or touching certain things 17 4 She modifies her diet, e.g., she avoids eating certain foods 5 5 She modifies her usual domestic or economic duties, e.g., she does not cook she has someone else care for the children 4 6 She modifies her suaul mobility, e.g., she should not leave the settlement, she avoids certain places 2 7 Her usual social relations and/or living arrangements are modifies, e.g., she may not sleep where she usually does, she cannot be near certain people, she must not behave in the usual manner 1 8 She modifies her participation in social groups and activities, e.g., religious events 134 NA NA v942. Purpose of Pregnancy Restrictions: { Ranked According to the Extensiveness of the Social Harm That May Result from a Woman Not Modifying Her Behavior along the Expected Lines. the Code Should Indicate Which Person (S) the Restrictions Are Most Concerned with Protecting } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 13 1 They are to prevent harm to the baby 4 2 They are to prevent harm to the mother, e.g, illness, difficult delivery 21 3 They are to prevent harm to the baby and the mother, e.g., miscarriage, attacks from the spirits, etc 2 4 They are to prevent harm to anyone with whom she comes in contact and/or the social group of which she is a part, e.g., to prevent failure of the crops, to prevent an epidemic 146 NA NA v943. Special Segregation at Birth: Location of the Woman When She Gives Birth: Where the Birth of the First Child Takes Place { Ranked According to the Degree of Segregation in or from Her Ordinary Dwelling When the Woman Gives Birth } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 1 1 No special place is prepared for the birth of the child; the woman gives birth wherever she happens to be 10 2 The woman gives birth in the dwelling where she usually resides, but no special partitions are set up 11 3 The woman gives birth in the dwelling where she usually resides but in a partitioned or otherwise demarcated area or room 2 4 The woman gives birth in an area near the dwelling where she usually resides, e.g., under the dwelling, in a lean-to near the dwelling 4 5 The woman does not give birth in a special dwelling but in a place outside of the area where most social activity occurs, e.g., on the fringes or outside of the dwelling area 11 6 The woman gives birth in a structure explicitly constructed for the purpose, e.g., a birth hut 1 7 The woman does not give birth in her usual residence but in the dwelling of an affinal relative 7 8 The woman does not give birth in her usual residence but in the dwelling of a consanguineal relative 139 NA NA v944. Residence of the New Parents at the Birth of Their First Child Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 15 1 Temporary matrilocality 11 2 Permanent matrilocality 2 3 Ambilocality 4 4 Neolocality 24 5 Patrilocality 130 NA NA v945. Purpose of Personal Birth Restrictions. Each Category Indicates Why the Taboos and Restrictions on a Woman's Personal Behavior Are Imposed after She Bears a Child { Ranked According to the Degree That the Restrictions Affect Other People } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 13 1 Restrictions are imposed on her to promote the well-being of her child, e.g., she is cared for so that she can produce milk for the baby 4 2 Restrictions are imposed on her to prevent harm to her and/or to promote her well-being, e.g., other people prepare and bring her food, she does not work, she is indulged 14 3 Restrictions are imposed to prevent harm to her and her baby 7 4 Restrictions are imposed on her to prevent harm to those with whom she comes in contact and/or to prevent harm to her social group 148 NA NA v946. Duration of Personal Birth Restrictions. Each Category Specifies a Period of Time after Birth before the Woman Resumes Her Usual Domestic and Economic Activities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=55; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 5 0 Some information, but insufficient to code 21 1 0-7 days 14 2 8-14 days 6 3 15-30 days 6 4 31-60 days 3 5 more than two months 131 NA NA Celebration of birth: The degree of social concern with the birth of a child as indicated by the amount of celebration after the birth and the extent of social participation in it. The codes apply to the largest social class and exclude such particular occasions as the celebratino of multiple births or the birth of an heir to a king. Coded for the first born if there is a difference in treatment for different births. Coded for the desired sex if there is a difference for males and females v947. Type of Birth Celebration Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 4 1 There is no celebratin for the mother or child after birth 5 2 There is no celebration after birth, but people do come to visit, offer congratulations, etc 21 3 There is a minor celebration after the birth, e.g, a small meal, a few drinks, etc 9 4 There is a moderate amount of celebration after the birth, e.g., a feast, dancing 15 5 There is an elaborate celebration after the birth, e.g., elaborate feasting, dancing, many rites performed 132 NA NA v948. When the Birth Celebration Occurs Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 4 0 Some information, but insufficient to code 20 1 Immediately or a few days after delivery 1 2 After the mother comes out of confinement 14 3 When the baby is named or baptized 5 4 When the baby and mother come out of confinement 3 5 Other 139 NA NA v949. Participants in the Birth Celebration. the Code Indicates the Most Extensive Group Which Participates in the Celebration of Birth { Ranked According to the Extensiveness of the Group } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 5 1 No one is involved in a celebration 1 2 The husbands family 7 3 Friends and neighbors 1 4 The wifes kin unit 8 5 Friends of the H and W and relatives 6 6 The wifes and husbands kin units or relatives of a group more extensive than the family 8 7 The community or large social, group to which the H and W belong 150 NA NA Children. This section deals with the ways in which childbearing is socially encouraged or curtailed v950. Preferred Sex and Number of Children Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 They want very few children, regardless of sex 19 2 They prefer to have males rather than females, regardless of sex 7 3 They prefer to have females rather than males, regardless of number 7 4 Either sex is acceptable, e.g., the father wants a boy, the mother wants a girl, or they dont care as long as the child is healthy 13 5 They prefer a large number of children, regardless of their sex 139 NA NA v951. Explanation of Barrenness { Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Woman Is Blamed for Her Barrenness } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=30; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 6 2 Barrenness is regarded as an unfortunate physical condition that has befallen a woman through no fault of her own 7 3 Barrenness is regarded as the fault of others who bear malice towards the woman, e.g., witches 7 4 Barrenness is regarded as the fault of others who break taboos that have ramifications for her fertility 7 5 Barrenness is regarded as the fault of supernatural forces or supernatural beings who are generally malevolent 1 6 Barrenness is regarded as the fault of the woman who is being punished for committing some offense which is not sexual in nature 2 7 Barrenness is regarded as punishment to a woman who has committed some sexual offense, e.g., adultery, incest 156 NA NA v952. Penalties for Barrenness { Ranked According to the Severity of the Penalty the Woman Incurs If She Is Barren } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 1 No penalties are reported 13 2 Remedies are actively sought to correct the condition, e.g., amulets, potions, ceremonies 12 3 Provision is made for a child by adoption for fosterage 7 4 Provision is made for a child by the husband taking an additional wife to bear children or by the wife getting another woman to bear children for her husband 15 5 The womans husband can or does divorce her 4 6 The woman is ostracized because she has no children, e.g., jokes are made about her. She is given a subsidiary role in domestic tasks 134 NA NA v953. Contraception: Knowledge and Use of Means to Prevent the Conception of Children { Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Responsibility for Contraception Devolves upon the Woman } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 9 1 No contraception is known about or used 3 2 Contraception is present, but there is no information on the method 1 3 There is a rudimentary form of contraception, e.g., abstention when the woman is thought most likely to conceive, coitus interruptus 12 4 Contraception is present by implication, e.g., a long post-partum sex taboos or abstention while nursing 4 5 There is a long post-partum sex taboos and rudimentary contraception 3 6 There is a long post-partum sex taboos and the woman practices some intentional form of contraception 9 7 The woman is primarily responsible for contraception, e.g., she has knowledge of rites she can perform to prevent offspring or she has knowledge of rites she can perform to prevent offspring or she swallows a drug 145 NA NA v954. Social Approval for Abortion: Approval of and Rationale for Action Taken to Prevent the Birth of a Child by Expelling the Fetus before It Is Viable { Ranked According to the Amount of Social Disapproval towards Abortion } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 17 1 Abortions occur, but there is no information on frequency 12 2 Abortions are permitted and occur frequently 9 4 Abortions are disapproved of but do occur. If they are infrequent and there is no information on approval, code in this category 9 5 Abortions are strongly disapproved of and occur rarely or never 139 NA NA v955. Rationale for Abortions { Ranked According to the Degree to Which Social Rather than Personal Considerations Lead to the Abortion. If There Is More than One Reason, Indicate the Most Frequent Reason First on the Code Sheet, Second, etc. up to Four Important Reasons. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=34; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 8 1 No abortions 6 2 Concern for the psychological or pgysical state of the mother, e.g., she does not want more children, she is concerned about her beauty, or she does not want to lose her husband 3 3 Revenge, e.g., the woman is angry with her husband 3 4 Concern for the childs welfare, e.g., the mother is nursing another which would leave no milk for another, or the couple cannot afford more children 9 5 The child was conceived out of wedlock 4 6 The child was conceived in an illicit sexual relationship, e.g., adulterous, incestuous, or with a man of the wrong social class or ethnic group 1 7 Other 152 NA NA Infanticide. This part deals with the approval of and rationale for killing an infant after he is born v956. Social Approval for Infanticide { Ranked According to the Amount of Social Disapproval Incurred If Infanticide Occurs } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 19 1 Infanticide occurs, but there is no information on frequency 3 2 Infanticide is permitted and occurs frequently 4 3 Infanticide is permitted and occurs infrequently 5 4 Infanticide is disapproved of but does occur. If it occurs, and there is no information on approval, code here 10 5 Infanticide is disapproved and does not occur 145 NA NA v957. Rationale for Infanticide. Each Category Indicates a Reason for Which an Infant Might Be Killed { Ranked According to the Degree to Which Social Rather than Personal Reasons Lead to the Infanticide } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 8 1 No infanticide 4 2 The mothers welfare, e.g., she does not want more children, she is afraid of losing her charms, etc 1 3 Revenge, e.g., due to argument with husband 2 4 Concern for the childs welfare, e.g., the couple cannot support more children or there is ni one to suckle the child 7 5 The child was born in an unusual position, exhibited some unusual behavior or physical trait at birth, or was deformed, e.g., hair was already present on the child, or the child was born feet first 8 6 The child was one of a multiple birth 2 7 The child was a female 6 8 The child was born of an illicit sexual relationship, i.e., premarital, adulterous, or incestuous 1 9 Other 147 NA NA III. Sexual Relations and their Social Context. This section deals with sexual relations from two perspectives. The first focuses on intercourse and the restrictions that are placed on it. The second focuses on marriage as the most common context within which intercourse and childbearing occur v958. Restrictions on the Occasion of Intercourse. Each Category Specifies an Occasion When Intercourse Is Proscribed or Strongly Preferred Not to Take Place { Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Occasion for Intercourse Is Tied to a Social Rather than N Individual State or Activity } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 2 1 It cannot occur during menstruation 16 2 It cannot occur for some period after childbirth whether because of nursing or a postpartum sex taboo and/or during pregnancy 12 3 It cannot occur during mensturation and after childbirth and/or during pregnancy 3 4 It cannot occur before, during, or after life cycle events, e.g., after the death of a spouse or at initiation 3 6 It cannot occur before, during, and/or after a military expedition 11 7 It cannot occur before, during and/or after a major economic activity and/or a manufacturing operation 6 8 It cannot occur before, during and/or after a ritual program of some sort, e.g., days of abstinence of power seeking 3 9 It cannot occur before, during and/or after non-life cycle ceremonial events, e.g., harvest festivals 130 NA NA v959. Extensions of the Incest Taboo. Each Category Specifies an Extension of the Incest Taboo beyond the Nuclear Family { Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Emphasis Is on Nonkinship Considerations. the Coding Should Indicate the Focus of the Strongest Extension of the Incest Taboo } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 5 1 No extension beyond the nuclear family is reported. Note in the comments if the strongest prohibition in the family is Br-Si, Mo-So, or Fa-Dau 2 2 Bilateral extensions by cross or parallel cousins 17 3 Bilateral extension by degree of cousinage from ego 1 4 Other 9 5 Matrilineal extensions, with or without other bilateral extensions 7 6 Patrilineal extensions, with or without other bilateral extensions 1 7 Extensions based on nonkinship considerations, e.g., ritual bonds, household composition, locality, or social class 144 NA NA v960. Violation of the Incest Taboo { Ranked According to the Extent of the Consequences of Violating the Incest Taboo } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=29; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 8 1 None or mild punishment, e.g., ostracism or a fine 3 2 Moderate punishment, e.g., offenders meet with misfortune such as sickness or bad luck 9 3 Severe punishment, e.g., death, barrenness, or expulsion from the community 5 4 Punishment to others than the offenders, e.g., their family or kin group 1 5 Punishment to the total social group, e.g., an epidemic or crop failure in the community 3 6 Punishment that affects the offenders as well as their social group, i.e., category `2` or `3` in combination with `5` category 157 NA NA v961. Restrictions on Premarital Sex { Ranked According to the Degree of Prohibition against Premarital Sex } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=61; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 17 1 It is permitted for both sexes 1 2 It is permitted for both but in limited contexts, e.g., with prostitutes or as part of a ceremony 9 3 It is permitted and not punished unless pregnancy results 12 4 It is permitted for males but no females 9 5 Premarital relations are disapproved but no infrequent in fact 4 6 Insistence on virginity for the woman. There is no information on restrictions on the male 9 7 Premarital relations are strongly disapproved and rare 125 NA NA v962. Violation of Restrictions on Premarital Sex. Each Category Specifies the Consequences a Woman Faces If She Violates a Premarital Sex Prohibition Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 19 1 Neither she nor her partner face punishment 13 2 Her partner is punished, but she is not 4 3 Mild punishment for the women, e.g., temporary ostracism 8 4 Moderate punishment for the woman, e.g., marriage is more difficult or physical punishment 2 5 Severe punishment, e.g., banishment from her social group, or she is killed 5 6 [Kenuzi, Gheg, Kurd, Manus, Mbau] - Severe or killed ? 135 NA NA v963. Restrictions and Extramarital Sex { Ranked According to the Strength of the Prohibition against Extramarital Sex } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 3 1 Permitted for both H and W 11 2 Permitted for both but only in limited contexts, e.g., with particular relatives of the spouse, ceremonial license 1 3 Permitted and not punished unless pregnancy results 15 4 Permitted for the husband but not for the wife 15 5 Weakly prohibited, e.g., frequent violations or weak punishment 13 6 Strongly prohibited, e.g., occurs rarely or severe punishment 128 NA NA v964. Punishment for Extramarital Sex { Ranked According to the Severity of Punishment That a Woman Receives If She Commits Adultery } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 5 1 No punishment or mild punishment, e.g., a warning or a fine 3 2 Generally mild punishment, but she can be killed for it 6 3 Moderate punishment, e.g., a beating or incarceration 14 4 Generally moderate punishment, but she can be killed or divorced for it 8 5 The woman is divorced 5 6 She is generally divorced, but she can be killed for it 8 7 Severe punishment, e.g., permanent physical damage, but she can be killed or divorced for it 5 8 The woman is killed or commits suicide 132 NA NA v965. Violation: Who Is Punished for Adultery { Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Woman Is Punished } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 2 Only the lover is punished 15 3 Both the woman and her lover are punished, but the lover is punished more severely than the woman 19 4 Both the woman and her lover are punished by almost equally severe punishment 6 5 Both the woman and her lover are punished, but the woman is punished more severely than her lover 6 6 Only the woman is punished 138 NA NA v966. Violation: Who Punishes Adultery { Ranked According to the Degree to Which Responsibility for Punishment of the Woman Resides with the Social Group } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=55; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 0 Some information, but insufficient to code 2 1 No punishment for the women 39 2 The husband punishes his wife and/or her lover, if the wife is not punished 3 4 A representative of the family or kin group of the wife punishes her 8 5 The community as a whole or its representative punishes her 2 6 Supernatural consequences fall upon the woman, e.g., mystical retribution or punishment by the ancestral gods 131 NA NA Marriage. This part focuses on the establishment, characteristics, and dissolution of marriage, the most prominent form of legitimate sexual relationship and context for the birth of children v967. Age of Woman at Establishment of Marriage: First Marriage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 1 Under 12 years 18 2 12-15 years (if the source says that boys or girls marry at puberty, code it here) 11 3 16-17 years 10 4 18-21 years 3 5 22-25 years 1 6 26 years and older 141 NA NA v968. Age of Man at Establishment of Marriage: First Marriage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 4 2 12-15 years (if the source says that boys or girls marry at puberty, code it here) 7 3 16-17 years 15 4 18-21 years 6 5 22-25 years 10 6 26 years and older 144 NA NA v969. Choice of Spouse: Social Restrictions Which Limit an Individual's Choice of Whom He Can Marry { Ranked According to the Degree That Nonkinship Considerations Play an Important Role } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=59; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 18 1 Bilateral considerations, including not marrying a relative 7 2 Bilateral considerations, specifically cross and parallel cousins 10 3 Kinship of a matrilineal or matrilateral nature 16 4 Kinship of a patrilineal or patrilateral nature 2 5 Locality where the potential spouse lives 1 7 The age or generation of the potential spouse 5 8 The status of the potential spouse 127 NA NA Agreement to marry. This deals with the extent to which marriage is a transaction between social groups rather than the couple v970. Marriage Proposal: besides the Groom, Whose Proposal Is Regarded as Most Necessary in Initiating Marriage { Ranked According to How Extensive a Group Is Involved in Initiating Marriage } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 6 1 The brides family or a relative of the bride 30 2 The brides and grooms families 2 3 The grooms kin group and the brides family 20 5 The kin groups of the bride and groom 128 NA NA v971. Consent to Marry: How Necessary Is the Consent of the Prospective Wife for Marriage Arrangements to Proceed Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 1 Propective spouses consent is necessary, i.e., the marriage cannot take place without it 22 2 The prospective spouse is consulted 16 3 The prospective spouse is not consulted 129 NA NA v972. Consent to Marry: How Necessary Is the Consent of the Prospective Husband for Marriage Arrangements to Proceed Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 23 1 Propective spouses consent is necessary, i.e., the marriage cannot take place without it 22 2 The prospective spouse is consulted 9 3 The prospective spouse is not consulted 132 NA NA v973. Degree of Marriage Celebration Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 4 1 There is no celebration 16 2 There is a small celebration, e.g., a minor acknowledgement or exchange of gifts 15 3 There is a moderate celebration, e.g., a feast, dancing, dramatic performances, or extensive gift exchange 22 4 There is an elaborate celebration, e.g., it lasts a long period of time, is characterized by lavish dress, has elaborate performances, etc 129 NA NA v974. Type of Participants in the Wedding { Ranked According to How Extensive the Group Is } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 1 Friends of the couple 4 2 The family of the bride or the groom 4 3 The kin group of the bride or groom 9 4 The families of the bride and groom 19 5 The kin groups or relatives of the bride and groom 12 7 The community 136 NA NA v975. The Rights Transferred by Women at Marriage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 9 1 Rights concerning priority of sexual access 10 2 Rights concerning offspring 6 3 Rights concerning choice of residence 8 4 Rights concerning domestic services 12 5 Rights concerning economic labor 5 6 Rights concerning choice of residence and economic labor 136 NA NA v976. The Rights Transferred by Men at Marriage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Rights concerning priority of sexual access 2 2 Rights concerning offspring 1 3 Rights concerning choice of residence 22 5 Rights concerning economic labor 11 6 Rights concerning choice of residence and economic labor 149 NA NA v977. Finality: Factors That Are Important for the Firm Establishment of a Marriage { Ranked According to the Degree to Which Its Establishment Depends on the Groom. the Code Reflects the Most Important Obligation That Must Be Met before the Marriage Is Considered Final } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 18 1 After children or children of the appropriate sex are born 2 2 After cohabitation and the birth of children 4 3 After cohabitation 6 4 After children are born and after bride price is paid 5 5 After a marriage ceremony 10 6 After bride-price has been paid 141 NA NA v978. Grounds for Divorce: Wife's Reasons given for Dissolving a Marriage Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 5 1 There is no divorce 3 2 Reproductive problems, e.g., barrenness or impotence 5 3 Illicit sexual relationship, e.g., adultery 7 4 Physical violence, e.g., beatings 11 5 Incompatibility 1 6 Desertion or extreme neglect 2 7 Incompatibility with affines 9 8 Failure in economic or domestic duties, e.g., laziness, poor provider or nonpayment of marriage payments 5 9 None or trivial grounds, e.g., another woman or man is more desirable or he or she does not like his or her current spouse 138 NA NA v979. Grounds for Divorce: Husband's Reasons given for Dissolving a Marriage Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 4 1 There is no divorce 16 2 Reproductive problems, e.g., barrenness or impotence 9 3 Illicit sexual relationship, e.g., adultery 12 5 Incompatibility 3 6 Desertion or extreme neglect 1 7 Incompatibility with affines 8 8 Failure in economic or domestic duties, e.g., laziness, poor provider or nonpayment of marriage payments 3 9 None or trivial grounds, e.g., another woman or man is more desirable or he or she does not like his or her current spouse 130 NA NA v980. Restrictions on Divorce { Ranked According to the Difficulty a Woman Has in Obtaining a Divorce } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 17 1 Divorce is allowed for both the H and W 6 2 Divorce is more difficult for a man to obtain. There is a prohibition against his obtaining one or a low frequency of men who obtain a divorce 8 3 Divorce is difficult and/or has a low frequency for both men and women 14 4 Divorce is more difficult for the wife to obtain. There is a prohibition against her obtaining one or a low frequency of wives obtaining a divorce 141 NA NA v981. Rights over Offspring after Divorce { Ranked According to the Degree to Which the Husband Retains Custody over the Children after a Divorce } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 4 1 No divorce 8 2 The wife keeps all of the children 11 3 Who has custody of the children depends on the age and/or wishes of the children, e.g., the mother may take the infants 6 4 Each spouse has custody of some of the children, e.g., the wife keeps the girls and the husband the boys 7 5 Custody of the children depends on the circumstances of the divorce 9 6 The husband has custody of all of the children 141 NA NA v982. Remarriage after Divorce { Ranked According to How Difficult It Is to Remarry after a Divorce } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 29 1 Both the H and W may remarry 7 2 Both the H and W may remarry, but it is easier for the H 1 3 It is difficult for both the H and W to remarry after divorce 4 4 No divorce 145 NA NA v983. Property Exchanges after Divorce. Ranked in Order of the Amount of Financial Loss Incurred by the Wife When a Divorce Occurs Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 4 1 There is no divorce 8 2 No financial transactions occur after a divorce, or there is an equal division of property 6 3 The H or his kin pay compensation 16 4 The transactions that occur depend on the circumstances of the divorce 9 6 The wife and/or her kin group pay compensation, e.g., return brideprice 143 NA NA v984. Remarriage of Widows { The Categories Are Ranked in Order of the Degree of Restriction a Woman Faces to Remarry after Her Husband's Death } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 14 1 She may marry anyone she chooses 7 2 She may remarry but often chooses not to, e.g., she would suffer financial loss or her children can care for her 20 4 She may remarry, but first priority is given to marrying a specific relative of her husbands or someone chosen by her husbands kin group, e.g., levirate 13 5 She must marry a specific relative of the husbands or someone chosen by her husbands kin group or not remarry 3 6 She may not remarry 129 NA NA v985. Length of Time before a Widow Remarries Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 5 0 Some information, but insufficient to code 9 1 0-6 months 5 2 6 months to less than a year 10 3 1 year to less than 2 years 4 4 More than two years 1 5 No remarriage 1 6 Undefined [coded for Mbau Fijians] 151 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Ronald P. Rohner and Evelyn C. Rohner, 1982, Behavior Science Research ----------------------------------------------------------- v986. Importance of Mothers for Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=13; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 4 6 Frequently the major caretaker 9 8 Almost always the major caretaker 173 NA NA v987. Importance of Mothers for Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 6 Frequently the major caretaker 1 7 Very Frequent ? 23 8 Almost always the major caretaker 160 NA NA v988. Importance of Mothers for Both Boys and Girls, without Regard to Gender Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=124; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 5 2 Rarely the major caretaker 2 4 Sometimes the major caretaker 3 5 Often ? 18 6 Frequently the major caretaker 8 7 Very Frequent ? 88 8 Almost always the major caretaker 62 NA NA v989. Importance of Fathers for Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=20; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 2 Rarely the major caretaker 1 4 Sometimes the major caretaker 5 6 Frequently the major caretaker 13 8 Almost always the major caretaker 166 NA NA v990. Importance of Fathers for Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=9; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 3 2 Rarely the major caretaker 1 3 Occasional ? 5 6 Frequently the major caretaker 177 NA NA v991. Importance of Fathers for Both Boys and Girls, without Regard to Gender Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=67; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 19 2 Rarely the major caretaker 2 3 Occasional ? 13 4 Sometimes the major caretaker 7 5 Often ? 17 6 Frequently the major caretaker 2 7 Very Frequent ? 7 8 Almost always the major caretaker 119 NA NA v992. Importance of Others for Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=7; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 3 4 Sometimes the major caretaker 2 6 Frequently the major caretaker 2 8 Almost always the major caretaker 179 NA NA v993. Identification of Others for Boys Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=7; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 2 Elders in community (often elder males for boys, elder females for girls) 3 3 Grandparents, usually grandmother 2 4 Mothers brother or mothers sister 179 NA NA v994. Importance of Others for Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=5; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 5 Often ? 2 6 Frequently the major caretaker 2 8 Almost always the major caretaker 181 NA NA v995. Identification of Others for Girls Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=5; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 1 Adults in household or community (other than parents) 1 2 Elders in community (often elder males for boys, elder females for girls) 2 3 Grandparents, usually grandmother 1 6 Siblings (usually older sisters) 181 NA NA v996. Importance of Siblings (Usually Older Sisters) for Both Boys and Girls, without Regard to Gender Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=49; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 2 Rarely the major caretaker 13 4 Sometimes the major caretaker 6 5 Often ? 11 6 Frequently the major caretaker 7 7 Very Frequent ? 11 8 Almost always the major caretaker 137 NA NA v997. Importance of Grandparents (Usually Grandmothers) for Both Boys and Girls, without Regard to Gender Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=23; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 3 4 Sometimes the major caretaker 1 5 Often ? 11 6 Frequently the major caretaker 2 7 Very Frequent ? 6 8 Almost always the major caretaker 163 NA NA v998. Importance of Others for Both Boys and Girls, without Regard to Gender Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 2 Rarely the major caretaker 1 3 Occasional ? 8 4 Sometimes the major caretaker 9 6 Frequently the major caretaker 2 7 Very Frequent ? 4 8 Almost always the major caretaker 160 NA NA v999. Identification of Others for Boys and Girls, without Regard to Gender Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 10 1 Adults in household or community (other than parents) 4 2 Elders in community (often elder males for boys, elder females for girls) 8 4 Mothers brother or mothers sister 4 5 Peers, age-mates, older youths, but not siblings 160 NA NA v1000. Enculturative Continuity for Boys Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 2 Discontinuity, fundamental 18 4 Discontinuity, significant 6 5 both elements ? 43 6 Significant continuity (Minor elements only of discontinuity) 14 7 Very Significant ? 28 8 Fundamental continuity 76 NA NA v1001. Incomplete Continuity for Boys: Age Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=11; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 2 around age six 2 3 around age seven 3 4 around age eight 1 5 around age nine 3 6 around age ten 175 NA NA v1002. Enculturative Continuity for Girls Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=109; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 2 Fundamental discontinuity 11 4 Significant discontinuity 5 5 both elements ? 38 6 Significant continuity (Minor elements only of discontinuity) 9 7 Very Significant ? 45 8 Fundamental continuity 77 NA NA v1003. Incomplete Continuity for Girls: Age Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=12; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 1 around age five (or slightly younger) 1 2 around age six 4 3 around age seven 1 4 around age eight 1 5 around age nine 3 6 around age ten 174 NA NA v1004. Enculturative Continuity for Both Boys and Girls without Regard for Gender Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=133; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 2 Fundamental discontinuity 14 4 Significant discontinuity 7 5 both elements ? 55 6 Significant continuity (Minor elements only of discontinuity) 18 7 Very Significant ? 37 8 Fundamental continuity 53 NA NA v1005. Incomplete Continuity for Both Boys and Girls without Regard for Gender: Age Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=18; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 1 around age five (or slightly younger) 5 2 around age six 5 3 around age seven 1 4 around age eight 2 5 around age nine 3 6 around age ten 168 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: unknown ----------------------------------------------------------- v1006. Classification of World System Position Markets Labor Agricult. Commodities & Trade Coercion Wage Productn Tax Import/Export Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 2 3 Semiperip 1 Mediators Slavery Spec.Cash + Weapons /Hier1 2 4 Semiperip 2 Mediators - + Spec.Cash + Weapons /Hier2 2 5 Periphery 1a Export - + Spec.Cash + Tools /Agri 4 6 Periphery 1b Export + - Sharecrop + Tools /Agri 7 7 Periphery 1c Export + - Mixed + Tools /Agri 5 8 Periphery 1d Export - - Mixed - Weap /Agri 12 9 Periphery 2a Traders + or + Incipient - Weap Food/Prized 5 10 Periphery 2c Markets - kind Non-cash - Weap Food/Prized 8 11 Periphery 2b Traders - kind Non-cash - Weap Food/Prized Anomalous: +/-Alcohol/ Utilities/Prized 5 12 Marginal 1 Partners - kind Non-cash - Utilities/None 1 13 Marginal 2 Raiding P-- plunder Non-Cash - None /None 133 NA NA v1007. Trade and Markets Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 External to world economy 4 2 External Trade Partners (missions, settlers, etc.) not traders 23 3 No Marketplace, but incoming traders for bulk goods 21 4 Marketplace, market effects for bulk goods 4 5 Entrepreneurs & Creditors for other areas; Intermediaries 133 NA NA v1008. Cropping Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 17 0 No agriculture or unimportant 7 1 Subsistence Agriculture only 4 2 Sale of subsistence crop but unimportant 6 3 Sale of subsistence crop important 5 4 Specialized Cash Crops present but unimportant 9 5 Specialized Cash Crops important ( ) monoculture 5 6 Sharecropping 133 NA NA v1009. Labor Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 13 1 No wage or coerced labor 3 2 Coerced labor - internal ([large scale] slavery, vassals, corvee) 2 3 Coerced labor - external 10 4 Labor hired - local service occupations 12 5 Migrant wage labor (cash) - 9 6 Local wage labor (cash/kind) - partial (incl. crafts, traps) 3 7 Market for all types of labor 134 NA NA v1010. Labor Recoding Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 13 0 No wage labor, no coerced labor, or 8 1 labor hired - in kind or local service occupations only 5 2 Internal coerced labor only - ([modify to: large scale] slavery, vassals, corvee) 4 3 External coerced labor - 9 4 Sporadic wage labor (5,6,7 above) 2 5 Divided or exempted wage labor (5,6,7 above) - see notes 12 6 Important wage labor (5,6,7 above) - includes sale, craft 133 NA NA v1011. Tool Categories Imported: (19 17 21 18 9) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 14 0 0 26 1 1 9 2 2 2 3 3 2 4 4 133 NA NA v1012. Foods/Animals Categories Imported: (13 5 3 4 2) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 23 0 0 11 1 1 10 2 2 7 3 3 1 4 4 1 5 5 133 NA NA v1013. Consumer Goods Categories Imported: (16 12 10) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 6 0 0 33 1 1 12 2 2 2 3 3 133 NA NA v1014. Weapons Categories Imported: (20 8) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 21 0 0 23 1 1 9 2 2 133 NA NA v1015. Hieratic Goods Categories Exported: (10, 1) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 37 0 0 13 1 1 2 2 2 134 NA NA v1016. Stimulants Categories Exported: (13, 12) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 45 0 0 6 1 1 1 2 2 134 NA NA v1017. Prized Raw Goods Categories Exported: (4, 6) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 29 0 0 16 1 1 7 2 2 134 NA NA v1018. Local Wares Categories Exported: (11, 2, 14) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 30 0 0 18 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 3 134 NA NA v1019. Consumable Categories Imported (4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 16) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 3 0 0 6 1 1 13 2 2 12 3 3 7 4 4 6 5 5 4 6 6 1 7 7 1 8 8 133 NA NA v1020. Durable Categories Imported (8 17 18 19 20 21) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 4 0 0 17 1 1 17 2 2 13 3 3 1 4 4 1 6 6 133 NA NA v1021. Consumable Categories Exported (4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 16) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 3 0 0 21 1 1 12 2 2 9 3 3 4 4 4 3 5 5 134 NA NA v1022. Durable Categories Exported (8 17 18 19 20 21) [and Manufactured?] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 49 0 0 3 1 1 134 NA NA v1023. Throughputs: Total Number of Categories Both Imported and Exported Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 43 0 0 4 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4 1 7 7 134 NA NA v1025. Imported Good: Slaves Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 52 0 Absent 1 1 Present 133 NA NA v1026. Imported Good: Small Animals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 49 0 Absent 4 1 Present 133 NA NA v1027. Imported Good: Large Animals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 44 0 Absent 9 1 Present 133 NA NA v1028. Imported Good: Meat/Dairy, Furs, Skins Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 47 0 Absent 6 1 Present 133 NA NA v1029. Imported Good: Cereal Grains Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 35 0 Absent 18 1 Present 133 NA NA v1030. Imported Good: Salt, Spices Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 38 0 Absent 15 1 Present 133 NA NA v1031. Imported Good: Wood, Fuel, Construction Mat Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 44 0 Absent 9 1 Present 133 NA NA v1032. Imported Good: Ores Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 44 0 Absent 9 1 Present 133 NA NA v1033. Imported Good: Agricultural Inputs Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 51 0 Absent 2 1 Present 133 NA NA v1034. Imported Good: Prestige Goods (Ivory, Gold, Etc) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 49 0 Absent 4 1 Present 133 NA NA v1035. Imported Good: Craft Goods Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 52 0 Absent 1 1 Present 133 NA NA v1036. Imported Good: Alcohol Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 41 0 Absent 12 1 Present 133 NA NA v1037. Imported Good: Stimulants (Tobacco, Tea, Coffee) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 29 0 Absent 24 1 Present 133 NA NA v1038. Imported Good: Pots, Beads, Cooking Utensils, Etc Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 26 0 Absent 27 1 Present 133 NA NA v1039. Imported Good: Books, Magazines, Newspapers Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 52 0 Absent 1 1 Present 133 NA NA v1040. Imported Good: Clothing, Cloth, Blankets Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 6 0 Absent 47 1 Present 133 NA NA v1042. Imported Good: Radios, Lamps, Electricity Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 46 0 Absent 7 1 Present 133 NA NA v1043. Imported Good: Metal Tools, Traps Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 49 0 Absent 4 1 Present 133 NA NA v1044. Imported Good: Weapons, Ammunition Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 14 0 Absent 39 1 Present 133 NA NA v1045. Imported Good: Tractors, Pumps, Machines Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 21 0 Absent 32 1 Present 133 NA NA v1046. Exported Good: Slaves Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 46 0 Absent 6 1 Present 134 NA NA v1047. Exported Good: Small Animals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 45 0 Absent 7 1 Present 134 NA NA v1048. Exported Good: Large Animals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 41 0 Absent 11 1 Present 134 NA NA v1049. Exported Good: Meat/Dairy, Furs, Skins Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 29 0 Absent 23 1 Present 134 NA NA v1050. Exported Good: Cereal Grains Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 25 0 Absent 27 1 Present 134 NA NA v1051. Exported Good: Salt, Spices Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 45 0 Absent 7 1 Present 134 NA NA v1052. Exported Good: Wood, Fuel, Construction Mat Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 49 0 Absent 3 1 Present 134 NA NA v1053. Exported Good: Ores Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 50 0 Absent 2 1 Present 134 NA NA v1054. Exported Good: Agricultural Inputs Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 52 0 Absent 134 NA NA v1055. Exported Good: Prestige Goods (Ivory, Gold, Etc) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 40 0 Absent 12 1 Present 134 NA NA v1056. Exported Good: Craft Goods Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 34 0 Absent 18 1 Present 134 NA NA v1057. Exported Good: Alcohol Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 51 0 Absent 1 1 Present 134 NA NA v1058. Exported Good: Stimulants (Tobacco, Tea, Coffee) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 45 0 Absent 7 1 Present 134 NA NA v1059. Exported Good: Pots, Beads, Cooking Utensils, Etc Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 50 0 Absent 2 1 Present 134 NA NA v1060. Exported Good: Books, Magazines, Newspapers Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 52 0 Absent 134 NA NA v1061. Exported Good: Clothing, Cloth, Blankets Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 48 0 Absent 4 1 Present 134 NA NA v1062. Exported Good: Bicycles, Cars, Power Boats Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 52 0 Absent 134 NA NA v1063. Exported Good: Radios, Lamps, Electricity Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 52 0 Absent 134 NA NA v1064. Exported Good: Metal Tools, Traps Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 51 0 Absent 1 1 Present 134 NA NA v1065. Exported Good: Weapons, Ammunition Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 52 0 Absent 134 NA NA v1066. Exported Good: Tractors, Pumps, Machines Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 52 0 Absent 134 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Data from "A Cross-Cultural Historical Analysis of Subsistence Change" by Candice Bradley, Carmella C. Moore, Michael L. Burton, and Douglas R. White. 1990. American Anthropologist, 92:2:447-457 (June 1990). ----------------------------------------------------------- v1072. Date of Observation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=41 Stat Value nobs 87 mean 1912.057 min 1750 max 1965 sd 42.092 v1073. Change in 100 Years Prior to Observation Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 14 0 No change 73 1 Change as result of world-system contact 99 NA NA v1074. Extent of Change in Subsistence or Supportive System Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 14 0 No change 65 1 Partial 8 2 Total Change in subsistence system 99 NA NA v1075. Agricultural Intensification: Increase in Inputs without Increasing Land Area of Food Production Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 57 0 No change/Not applicable 29 1 Change in intensification 100 NA NA v1076. Non-agricultural Intensification Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 71 0 No change/Not applicable 14 1 Change in intensification 101 NA NA v1077. New Crops Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 62 0 No 23 1 Yes 101 NA NA v1078. New Animals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 70 0 No 15 1 Yes 101 NA NA v1079. Change in Settlement Patterns Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 67 0 No change/Not applicable 18 1 Change in settlement patterns 101 NA NA v1080. Expansion of Land Utilized in Subsistence or Supportive Practices Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=81; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 64 0 No change/Not applicable 17 1 Change in expansion 105 NA NA v1081. Major Loss of Subsistence Mode Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 60 0 No change/Not applicable 27 1 Major loss 99 NA NA v1082. Wage Labor Introduced Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 58 0 No 27 1 Yes 101 NA NA v1083. Wage Labor Increased Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 64 0 No 22 1 Yes 100 NA NA v1084. Introduction to Trade Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 63 0 No 22 1 Yes 101 NA NA v1085. Trade Increased Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 53 0 No 33 1 Yes 100 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: White and Burton, NSF coding project, coders Candice Bradley, Carmella C. Moore, Douglas R. White ----------------------------------------------------------- v1086. Date of Observation (Pinpointed) [20] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=55; Number of unique values=32 Stat Value nobs 55 mean 1910.291 min 1750 max 1965 sd 44.038 v1087. Political Entities Conquered, Colonized or Displaced in Last 100 Years (Earlier Conquests in Footnotes) [21] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 40 1 None 9 3 Warlike expansion and displacement without conquest or colonization 1 4 Conquest but not colonization 2 5 Conquest and colonization 134 NA NA v1088. Frequency of Successful Expansions into Another Society in past 100 Years Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 41 1 None 2 2 Once 4 3 Several times - no more than 4 6 4 Very frequent or continual 133 NA NA v1089. Estimate of Distance to Furthest Society Conquored: [24] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 42 1 None 1 2 Neighboring 2 4 Over 200 miles, same continent 1 5 Different Continents 140 NA NA v1090. Society Was Conquered, Colonized or Displaced by Political Entities in Last 100 Years Prior to Observation (Note Earlier Conquests) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 11 1 None 4 2 Peaceful colonization or displacement (expansionist migration, assimilation, intermarriage or annexation with effective sovereignty and administration) 2 3 Warlike expansion and displacement without conquest or colonization 7 4 Conquest but not colonization 17 5 Conquest and colonization 2 6 Colonization but not conquest 143 NA NA v1091. Frequency of Successful Expansions into This Society in past 100 Years Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 15 1 None 9 2 Once 6 3 Several times - no more than 4 episodes 7 4 Very frequent or continual 149 NA NA v1092. Catastrophic Shifts Causing Depopulation (Last 50 Years) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 25 1 None 1 2 Animal Disease 21 4 Human (Disease, Starvation, Warfare with State Level, Intensification of Local Warfare) 1 5 Animal + Crop Disease 4 6 Animal Disease + Human-caused 134 NA NA v1093. Number of Years Prior to Observation for Beginning of Problem (S) Causing Depopulation [36] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=21 Freq Value Description 17 0 None 1 13 13 1 20 20 1 22 22 2 23 23 1 27 27 2 30 30 1 34 34 1 41 41 1 45 45 1 50 50 1 54 54 2 60 60 2 64 64 1 68 68 1 75 75 1 100 100 1 120 120 1 195 195 1 300 300 1 415 415 145 NA NA v1094. Number of Years Prior to Observation for Ending of Problem (S) [37] Causing Depopulation (i.e., before Population Stable or Increasing) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 18 0 None 13 1 Had not recovered 2 10 10 1 13 13 1 20 20 2 30 30 1 37 37 1 50 50 147 NA NA v1095. Percentage of Population Lost (100 Pct minus Popul in 37 as Pct of That in 36) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=14 Freq Value Description 18 0 None 1 6 6 1 10 10 1 20 20 1 22 22 2 30 30 2 33 33 4 50 50 2 60 60 1 66 66 1 70 70 2 75 75 1 79 79 1 80 80 148 NA NA v1096. Percentage Recovery (Popul at Observation in 39a as Pct of That in 36) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=20; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 14 0 None 5 1 Had not recovered 1 79 79 166 NA NA v1097. Population at Date of Observation: Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=20; Number of unique values=18 Freq Value Description 1 154 154 1 200 200 1 900 900 2 2000 2000 1 2500 2500 1 2582 2582 2 4000 4000 1 4500 4500 1 4700 4700 1 5000 5000 1 7000 7000 1 14000 14000 1 14848 14848 1 15830 15830 1 22155 22155 1 40000 40000 1 1e+05 1e+05 1 3e+05 3e+05 166 NA NA v1100. Societal Migration or Relocation in past 100 Years [40] Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 26 1 None 1a Movement restricted by pre-state groups 2 2 Voluntary Migration, not the effect of world market 2a Forced migration by pre-state groups 4 3 Voluntary migration as a world market response 3a Movement restricted by state-level groups 3b Voluntary migration a world system not world market response 13 4 Forced Migration as a result of colonial power of state 141 NA NA v1101. Other Societal Migration, Relocation or Settlement in past 500 Years Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 24 1 None 1a Movement restricted by pre-state groups 4 2 Voluntary Migration, not the effect of world market 2a Forced migration by pre-state groups (give reason in #44) 2 3 Voluntary migration as a world market response 3a Movement restricted by state-level groups 3b Voluntary migration a world system not world market response 12 4 Forced Migration as a result of colonial power of state 144 NA NA v1102. Time in New Location until Date of Observation [42] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=19 Freq Value Description 28 0 None 2 3 3 1 6 6 1 7 7 1 9 9 1 12 12 1 13 13 1 18 18 1 37 37 1 40 40 1 46 46 1 56 56 1 80 80 1 84 84 1 106 106 1 120 120 1 150 150 1 170 170 1 400 400 139 NA NA v1103. Distance Migrated (Miles) [43] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 28 0 None 1 3 3 1 25 25 1 50 50 3 100 100 2 150 150 3 300 300 1 400 400 1 500 500 145 NA NA v1104. Reason for Migration or Relocation [44] Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 28 1 1 7 2 Expansion to new areas due to population pressure, intensification 1 4 Expansive, in conflict with other groups, trade access 3 5 Defensive, in peaceful competition with other groups 8 6 Defensive, in violent conflict with other groups 5 7 Gvmt resettlement for labor, pacification, colonizing, agriculture 134 NA NA v1105. Effects of Relocation on (a) Trade or Position in World System; (B) Gender Roles; (C) Social Structure, Land Tenure, etc. (Revise) [45] Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 29 1 N.A. 8 2 Positive Effect (e.g., Trade Networks Expanded) 3 3 Little or None 1 4 Transformation of agriculture to private ownership 1 5 Increased stratification, warfare (e.g., due to horse) 1 6 Grouped into villages to resist attack 1 7 Weakened 3 8 Displaced tradl groups, or fragmentation into smaller groups 3 9 Disrupted lifestyle or subsistence base 136 NA NA v1106. Reservation or Reserve Status at Time of Observation [46] Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 35 1 Granted Original lands, right to live there and move about 10 2 Original Lands; must carry pass or id when not there 1 3 Original Lands; No right to live elsewhere permanently 4 5 Resettlement; must carry pass or id when not there 1 6 Resettlement; No right to live elsewhere permanently 135 NA NA v1107. Society Unintentionally Caught up in State Level Warfare [47] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 29 1 No 3 2 Yes, minor 2 3 Yes, moderate 5 4 Yes, major 147 NA NA v1108. Years before (or after) Observation When Warfare First Stopped [58] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=29; Number of unique values=13 Freq Value Description 6 0 No Warfare to Restrict OR 11 1 Warfare not restricted 1 2 Warfare informally restricted 1 21 21 1 24 24 1 25 25 1 27 27 1 30 30 1 36 36 2 40 40 1 70 70 1 74 74 1 250 250 157 NA NA v1110. Restrictions on Warfare in Effect at Time of Observation { (including Restriction by Sheer Influx of Colonists or Settlers) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 7 1 No Warfare to Restrict 16 2 Warfare present and not restricted 13 4 Warfare restricted and reduced but not stopped 17 5 Warfare restricted and stopped 133 NA NA v1111. Effects of Restriction above (Either) on Men and Women Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 8 0 No Warfare to Restrict 12 1 Warfare not restricted 4 2 No or little Effect (e.g.,had been fairly peaceful, or battles prearranged) 1 3 Women not enslaved, men not killed 1 4 Mens trade up, womens contribution reduced 1 5 More feasting among men 2 6 Mens labor free for cash cropping, wage labor, or agriculture, animal husbandry 2 7 New means of dispute settlement, including reliance on new govt. 1 8 Broke up age grading 2 9 Broke up stratification, slavery, or political stratification 1 68 Other 151 NA NA v1112. Number or Type of Turbulent Changes Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 8 1 None 5 2 Migration 4 3 Disease and Depopulation 3 4 Conquest 5 5 Conquest and Colonization (SHOULD COUNT AS TWO!) 2 6 Resettlement on Reservation or Land Grant 8 7 Two of the above 8 8 Three of the above 9 9 Four of the above 2 10 Five of the above 132 NA NA v1116. Warfare Mortality (E&e 1983: 118) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 30 0 Low or Absent 5 1 High 151 NA NA v1117. Internal Warfare (or Feuding) (E&e 1983: 178, 179, 185, 188, 304-306) (Ott: 143-49 Variable 4) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=74; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 36 0 Absent 33 1 Present 5 2 Civil War, in the absense of feuding or other types of internal war (may include civil disorder, uprisising) 112 NA NA v1118. Pacification by Date of Observation Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=15; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 15 1 Yes (DRW) 171 NA NA v1119. External War Only (Ott: 143-49 Variables 4, 5, 6) (E&e: 204, 205, 207, 209, 304-306) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 32 0 No 21 1 Yes 133 NA NA v1120. Some External War (Ott: 143-49 Variables 5, 6) (E&e: 204, 205, 207, 209, 304-306) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 11 0 Absent 43 1 Present 132 NA NA v1121. Depopulation (E&e 1983: 228, 293) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=32; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 3 0 Little or no depopulation 25 1 Some or considerable depopulation 4 2 Major depopulation 154 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Douglas R. White ----------------------------------------------------------- v1122. Log10 of Total Population { from Standard Sample Pinpointing Sheets; Noted If from Ethnographic Atlas } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 2 1 10-99 22 2 100-999 57 3 1000-9999 35 4 10000-99999 39 5 100000-999999 19 6 1000000-9999999 9 7 10000000-99999999 2 8 100000000-999999999 1 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Frederic L. Pryor, 1985. The Invention of the Plow. Comparative Studies in Society and History 27: 740-744. and Frederic L. Pryor, 1984. The Transition to Agriculture: Some Empirical Evidence. Ms. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1123. Major Agricultural Staple Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=22 Freq Value Description 38 0 Agriculture not practiced or confined to non-food crops 1 10 Buckwheat 14 11 Wheat 4 12 Barley 15 13 Millet 30 14 Sorghum 9 15 Maize 10 16 Dry Rice 9 17 Wet Rice 1 18 Rye 1 19 Teff 9 21 Yam 10 22 Taro or Okuma 4 23 White Potato 16 24 Cassava (Manioc) 2 25 Sweet Potato 1 26 Tubers in general 4 31 Bananas or Plantains 2 32 Breadfruit 2 33 Coconut 1 34 Ensete 1 40 Industrial Crops, e.g., cotton 2 NA NA v1124. Agricultural Staple Data Quality: Inferences Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=146; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 137 0 Good data 9 1 Inferential 40 NA NA v1125. Second Agricultural Staple Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=14 Freq Value Description 38 0 Agriculture not practiced or confined to non-food crops 117 1 No secondary agricultural staple 2 12 Barley 2 13 Millet 5 14 Sorghum 3 15 Maize 2 16 Dry Rice 3 17 Wet Rice 1 22 Taro or Okuma 1 23 White Potato 3 24 Cassava (Manioc) 3 31 Bananas or Plantains 3 35 Sago and other Palms 1 36 Pandanus 2 NA NA v1126. Second Agricultural Staple Data Quality: Inferences Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=146; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 143 0 Good data 3 1 Inferential 40 NA NA v1127. Crop Type Plow-positive or -negative Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 38 0 Agriculture not practiced or confined to non-food crops 112 1 Plow-negative (Millet, Sorghum, Maize, Dry Rice, 34 2 Plow-positive (Buckwheat, Wheat, Barley, Wet Rice, Rye, 2 NA NA v1128. Cropping Index (Rough Indicator of Fallowing) for Major Crops { Percentage of Total Land Used for Major Crops Used in Any given Year (Tree Crops Are Considered to Have No Fallow) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 38 0 Agriculture not practiced or confined to non-food crops 22 1 less than 10 pct of land used per year 26 2 10 pct - 29 pct of land used per year 15 3 30 pct - 49 pct of land used per year 32 4 50 pct - 99 pct of land used per year 29 5 100 pct or more of land used per year, (over 100 pct due to double cropping) 24 NA NA v1129. Cropping Index Data Quality: Inferences Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=124; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 94 0 Good data 30 1 Inferential 62 NA NA v1130. Population Density (from Pryor Data) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 51 2 less than 1 per square mile 28 3 1 - 4.9 per square mile 35 4 5 - 24.9 per square mile 37 5 25 - 99.9 per square mile 24 6 99 - 499.9 per square mile 11 7 500 or more per square mile v1131. Population Density Data Quality: Inferences Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 146 0 Good data 40 1 Inferential ============================================================ SOURCE: George Peter Murdock, 1957. World Ethnographic Sample. American Anthropologist 59: 664-687. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1132. Political Integration (Wes Col 15; EA Var 89) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=174; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 48 0 Insufficient information, or not coded 10 1 Absence, even at local level 46 2 Autonomous local communities (not > 1,500) 4 3 Peace groups transcending local community 27 4 Minimal States (1500-10,000) 9 5 Little States (10,000-100,000) 22 6 States (at least 100,000) 8 8 Dependent societies 12 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Laura Betzig. 1986. Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History. New York: Aldine. Introductions and explanations of the variables by the author were published in World Cultures, 1988, Volume 4, Number 4. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1133. Maximum Harem Size { Simultaneous Conjugal Relations with Concubines and Wives Which the Individual at the Head of the Social Hierarchy (or, Where There Is No Hierarchy, the Most Polygynous Man), Enjoys. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=99; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 41 1 3 conjugal relationships or less 37 2 4-10 conjugal relationships 13 3 11-100 conjugal relationships 8 4 More than 100 conjugal relationships 87 NA NA v1134. Despotic Bias in Conflict Resolution { Degree of Despotism, or the Extent to Which One Individual, at the Head of the Social Hierarchy, Is Able to Exploit His Position of Strength When a Conflict of Interest Arises, Effecting a Biased Result in His Favor. It Does Not Include Such Asymmetry over Slaves Nor over Members of the Household. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=104; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 90 1 Despotism absent: bias in the resolution of individual conflicts is not extreme, usually being effected by differences in strength, kinship connections, or wealth between the individuals involved. 14 2 Despotism present: Conflicts of interest among individuals are resolved with extreme bias, one individual being immune from sanction or even from accusation for major offenses (such as murder), while the other may incur severe punishment, even death, for trivial offenses (such as insult), or for no reason at all. 82 NA NA v1135. Jurisdictional Perquisites { A Measure of the Extent to Which Individuals in the Jurisdictional Hierarchy Exploit Their Positions to Accrue Rewards in the Form of Fines, Bribes, and Confiscations, in Connection with Dispute Resolution. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=34; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 25 1 Perquisites are small, the reward in a single case being roughly less than a bride price or a bride. 9 2 Perquisites are substantial, reward in a single case is roughly greater than or equal to a bride price or a bride. 152 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Laura Betzig. 1989. Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-Cultural Study. Current Anthropology 30: 654-676. Reprinted with permission of the author and the Editor of Current Anthropology. ----------------------------------------------------------- Variables 1136 - 1163 - deals with causes listed under Infidelity (III), Infertility (IV), Personality (V), and Economics (VI). Variables 1164 - 1178 deals with causes listed under Conflicts with In-Laws (VII), Ritual (VIII), Absence or Desertion (IX), Health (X), and Politics (XI) v1136. Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Adultery Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 73 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 2 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 25 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 6 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 54 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1137. Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Lack of Virginity Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 154 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 6 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1138. Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Polygamy Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 135 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 25 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 26 NA NA v1139. Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Cruelty or Maltreatment Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 106 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 46 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 5 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 3 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 26 NA NA v1140. Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Disobedience or Disrespect Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 148 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 13 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 24 NA NA v1141. Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Repressiveness Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 159 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 1 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 26 NA NA v1142. Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Jealousy Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 154 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 1 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 4 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 26 NA NA v1143. Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Another Lover Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 122 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 3 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 11 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 24 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1144. Divorce Causes- Infertility: Sterility Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 84 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 13 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 12 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 22 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 29 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1145. Divorce Causes- Infertility: Sexual Neglect Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 145 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 15 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 26 NA NA v1146. Divorce Causes- Infertility: Refusal to Have Sex Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 148 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 12 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1147. Divorce Causes- Infertility: Death of Children Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 146 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 14 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 26 NA NA v1148. Divorce Causes- Infertility: Old Age Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 152 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 9 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1149. Divorce Causes- Infertility: Absence of Male Children Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 158 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 2 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 26 NA NA v1150. Divorce Causes- Infertility: Exchange Wife Has Too Few Children Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 159 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 26 NA NA v1151. Divorce Causes- Personality: Mutual Consent Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 118 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 1 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 40 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 1 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1152. Divorce Causes- Personality: Displeasingness Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 109 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 19 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 17 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 15 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1153. Divorce Causes- Personality: Quarrelsomeness or Talkativeness Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 150 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 2 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 8 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1154. Divorce Causes- Personality: Bad Temper Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 151 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 1 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 1 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 7 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1155. Divorce Causes- Personality: Other Personality Problems Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 146 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 5 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 1 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 7 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1156. Divorce Causes- Economic: Laziness Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 127 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 8 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 9 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 3 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 13 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1157. Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequate Support Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 138 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 21 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 26 NA NA v1158. Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequate Housing Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 156 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 4 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 26 NA NA v1159. Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequate Food Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 154 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 5 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 1 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 26 NA NA v1160. Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequate Clothing Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 157 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 4 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 25 NA NA v1161. Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequate Food Preparation Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 155 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 5 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1162. Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequately Serving Spouse Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 152 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 8 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1163. Divorce Causes- Economic: Other Economic Problems Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 138 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 6 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 6 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 9 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 26 NA NA v1164. Divorce Causes- In-law Conflicts: Conflicts with In-laws Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 138 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 9 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 3 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 10 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1165. Divorce Causes- In-law Conflicts: Inadequately Serving In-laws Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 155 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 3 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 1 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 2 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1166. Divorce Causes- In-law Conflicts: Bridewealth or Dowry Disputes Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 155 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 6 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 25 NA NA v1167. Divorce Causes- In-law Conflicts: Disrespect for In-laws Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 158 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 1 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 1 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 1 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1168. Divorce Causes- In-law Conflicts: Spouse Favors Kin Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 154 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 3 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 4 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1169. Divorce Causes- In-law Conflicts: Other In-law Problems Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 141 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 9 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 9 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 2 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1170. Divorce Causes- Ritual: Witchcraft or Sorcery Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 148 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 3 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 2 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 7 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1171. Divorce Causes- Ritual: Broken Taboo Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 156 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 1 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 2 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 2 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1172. Divorce Causes- Ritual: Bad Dream of Omen Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 160 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 25 NA NA v1173. Divorce Causes- Ritual: Other Ritual Problems Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 153 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 2 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 3 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 3 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1174. Divorce Causes- Absence or Desertion: Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 136 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 18 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 4 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 2 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1175. Divorce Causes- Health: Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 138 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 13 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 3 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 6 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1176. Divorce Causes- Politics: Theft Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 151 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 1 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 3 2 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Both 1 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 5 4 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Wife 25 NA NA v1177. Divorce Causes- Politics: Confiction or Incarceration Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 159 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 2 1 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Husband 25 NA NA v1178. Divorce Causes- Politics: Other Political Problems Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 154 0 Not mentioned as cause of divorce 7 3 Cause of Divorce Attributed to Unspecified 25 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: John M. Roberts, 1976. Belief in the Evil Eye in World Perspective. In Clarence Maloney, ed. The Evil Eye. Columbia University Press. pp. 223- ----------------------------------------------------------- v1188. Evil Eye Scaled Rating: Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 1 1 Absent, incontrovertibly 45 2 Absent, almost certainly 46 3 Absent, probably 27 4 Absent, possibly 8 5 Present, possibly 13 6 Present, probably 16 7 Present, almost certainly 30 8 Present, incontrovertibly v1189. Evil Eye Belief Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 119 0 Absent 67 1 Present ============================================================ SOURCE: Douglas R. White. n.d. Kinship Avoidance. Codes compiled and recoded from unpublished kinship sheets by G. P. Murdock. ----------------------------------------------------------- Kin Avoidance defined as reciprocal communicative avoidance: neither one can talk to the other. v1190. Sororate Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 20 0 Not Present in either optional or obligatory form 7 1 Junior sibling only (WyZ, HyB) 30 3 Full Sororate or Levirate 129 NA NA v1191. Levirate Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 19 0 Not Present in either optional or obligatory form 13 1 Junior sibling only (WyZ, HyB) 2 2 Half sibling only 22 3 Full Sororate or Levirate 130 NA NA v1192. Structurally Opposed Kin Groups Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=74; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 5 0 Localized kin groups, not effectively exogamous 4 1 Nonlocalized kin groups, not effectively exogamous 3 2 Localized kin groups, effective kin exogamy 62 3 Nonlocalized kin groups, effective kin exogamy 112 NA NA v1193. Exogamous Nonlocalized Descent Groups Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=65; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 10 0 Bilateral (with second degree exogamy) 1 1 Nonexclusive ambilineal 3 2 Exclusive ambilineal 50 3 Exclusive unilineal 1 4 Quasi-unilineal 121 NA NA v1194. Indirect Exchange of Wives Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 18 0 Direct exchange, i.e., duo- or patrilateral cross-cousin marriage, sister exchange, or symmetric exchange 21 1 No first or second cross-cousin marriage 7 2 Matrilateral second cross-cousin marriage tendency 12 3 Matrilateral first cross-cousin marriage tendency 128 NA NA v1195. Bridewealth Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=75; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 10 0 Dowry (even as alternate, e.g., Bd) 18 1 No exchange at marriage, and gift exchange or token bridewealth if descent not matrilineal 4 2 Gift exchange or token bridewealth if descent matrilineal 40 3 Brideprice or brideservice 3 4 Not Applicable: sister exchange 111 NA NA v1196. Avoidance: M-wbw or F-hzh Wife's Brother's Wife Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=13; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 6 0 Absent 7 1 Present 173 NA NA v1197. Avoidance: M-wm or F-dh Mother-in-law Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 35 0 Absent 25 1 Present 126 NA NA v1198. Avoidance: M-wf or M-dh Wife's Father Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 28 0 Absent 7 1 Present 151 NA NA v1199. Avoidance: M-wb or F-zh Wife's Brother Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 26 0 Absent 160 NA NA v1200. Avoidance: M-wbd or F-fzh Wife's Brother's Daughter Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=4; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 4 0 Absent 182 NA NA v1201. Avoidance: M-wez or F-yzh Wife's Elder Sister Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 44 0 Absent 4 1 Present 138 NA NA v1202. Avoidance: M-wyz or F-ezh Wife's Younger Sister Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=49; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 48 0 Absent 1 1 Present 137 NA NA v1203. Avoidance: M-wzd or F-mzh Wife's Sister's Daughter Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=3; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 3 0 Absent 183 NA NA v1204. Avoidance: F-hf or M-sw Husband's Father Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 36 0 Absent 14 1 Present 136 NA NA v1205. Avoidance: F-hm or M-sw Husband's Mother Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=33; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 29 0 Absent 4 1 Present 153 NA NA v1206. Avoidance: F-hz or F-bw Husband's Sister Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 24 0 Absent 162 NA NA v1207. Avoidance: F-hzs or M-mbw Husband's Sister's Husband Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=17; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 16 0 Absent 1 1 Present 169 NA NA v1208. Avoidance: F-heb or M-ybw Husband's Elder Brother Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 45 0 Absent 9 1 Present 132 NA NA v1209. Avoidance: F-hyb or M-ebw Husband's Younger Brother Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 51 0 Absent 2 1 Present 133 NA NA v1210. Avoidance: F-hbs or M-fbw Husband's Brother's Son Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=7; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 6 0 Absent 1 1 Present 179 NA NA v1211. Avoidance: F-eb or M-yz Brother-elder Sister Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 43 0 Absent 9 1 Present 134 NA NA v1212. Avoidance: M-ez or F-yb Brother-younger Sister Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 43 0 Absent 9 1 Present 134 NA NA v1213. Avoidance: F-fs or M-fd Half-elder? Sibling Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=11; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 9 0 Absent 2 1 Present 175 NA NA v1214. Avoidance: F-ms or M-md Half-younger? Sibling Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=11; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 9 0 Absent 2 1 Present 175 NA NA v1215. Avoidance: F-mezs or M-myzd Matrilateral Parallel Cousin Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 21 0 Absent 5 1 Present 160 NA NA v1216. Avoidance: F-myzs or M-mezd Matrilateral Parallel Cousin Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 21 0 Absent 5 1 Present 160 NA NA v1217. Avoidance: F-febs or M-fybd Patrilateral Parallel Cousin Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=28; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 23 0 Absent 5 1 Present 158 NA NA v1218. Avoidance: F-fybs or M-febd Patrilateral Parallel Cousin Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=28; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 23 0 Absent 5 1 Present 158 NA NA v1219. Avoidance: F-mbs or M-fzd Patrilateral Cross-cousin Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 34 0 Absent 3 1 Present 149 NA NA v1220. Avoidance: F-fzs or M-mbd Matrilateral Cross-cousin Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 39 0 Absent 3 1 Present 144 NA NA v1221. Avoidance: M-fzs or M-mbs Male Cross-cousins Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=13; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 13 0 Absent 173 NA NA v1222. Avoidance: F-fzd or F-mbd Female Cross-cousins Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=13; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 13 0 Absent 173 NA NA v1223. Avoidance: M-fz or F-bs Paternal Aunt-nephew Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 22 0 Absent 2 1 Present 162 NA NA v1224. Avoidance: F-mb or M-zd Maternal Uncle-neice Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 23 0 Absent 1 1 Present 162 NA NA v1225. Avoidance: F-hzd or M-mbw Maternal Uncle's Wife Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=2; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 2 0 Absent 184 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: George P. Murdock. 1971. Cross-Sex Kinship Behavior. Ethnology 10:359-368. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1226. Sister and Brother Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 8 1 Avoidance 22 2 Respect 12 3 Informality 2 5 Joking 142 NA NA v1227. Wife's Mother and Daughter's Husband Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 26 1 Avoidance 19 2 Respect 8 3 Informality 1 4 Forbidden sex relations 132 NA NA v1228. Husband's Mother and Son's Wife Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 16 1 Avoidance 14 2 Respect 8 3 Informality 2 4 Forbidden sex relations 1 5 Joking 1 6 Sex privleged relationship 144 NA NA v1229. Mother's Brother's Wife and Husband's Sister's Son Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 1 Avoidance 8 2 Respect 4 3 Informality 5 4 Forbidden sex relations 2 5 Joking 4 6 Sex privleged relationship 162 NA NA v1230. Wife's Brother's Daughter and Father's Sister's Husband Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=11; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Avoidance 1 2 Respect 7 4 Forbidden sex relations 1 5 Joking 1 6 Sex privleged relationship 175 NA NA v1231. Mother's Brother's Son and Father's Sister's Son Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 3 1 Avoidance 3 2 Respect 8 3 Informality 13 4 Forbidden sex relations 11 5 Joking 7 6 Sex privleged relationship 141 NA NA v1232. Father's Sister's Daughter and Mother's Brother's Son Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 1 Avoidance 4 2 Respect 9 3 Informality 15 4 Forbidden sex relations 10 5 Joking 6 6 Sex privleged relationship 140 NA NA v1233. Elder Brother's Wife and Husband's Younger Brother Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 3 1 Avoidance 9 2 Respect 7 3 Informality 4 4 Forbidden sex relations 12 5 Joking 13 6 Sex privleged relationship 138 NA NA v1234. Younger Brother's Wife and Husband's Elder Brother Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=49; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 10 1 Avoidance 8 2 Respect 6 3 Informality 6 4 Forbidden sex relations 9 5 Joking 10 6 Sex privleged relationship 137 NA NA v1235. Wife's Elder Sister and Younger Sister's Husband Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 5 1 Avoidance 6 2 Respect 7 3 Informality 5 4 Forbidden sex relations 10 5 Joking 13 6 Sex privleged relationship 140 NA NA v1236. Wife's Younger Sister and Elder Sister's Husband Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 1 Avoidance 6 2 Respect 6 3 Informality 4 4 Forbidden sex relations 13 5 Joking 16 6 Sex privleged relationship 140 NA NA v1237. Wife's Brother's Wife and Husband's Sister's Husband Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=12; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 4 1 Avoidance 3 2 Respect 5 4 Forbidden sex relations 174 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Judith L. Anderson, Charles B. Crawford, Joanne Nadeau, and Tracy Lindberg. 1992 Was the Duchess of Windsor Right? A Cross-Cultural Review of the Socioecology of Ideals of Female Body Shape. Ethology and Sociobiology 13:197- ----------------------------------------------------------- v1248. Female Body Type Considered Most Attractive Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 20 1 Plump or fat (original code 1) 6 2 (original code 1.5) 20 3 Moderate degree of fatness (original code 2) 12 4 Slim or slender (original code 3) 128 NA NA v1249. Exposure of Adolescent Girls to Male Sexual Advances Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=49; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 5 2 Protection by adult groups (original code 2) 2 3 (original code 2.5) 17 4 Protection by parents only (original code 3) 2 5 Protection by peers (original code 4) 1 6 (original code 4.5) 22 7 No protection (original code 5) 137 NA NA v1250. Consequences for Adolescent Girls Pregnant before Marriage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 7 1 No bad consequences; mother supported by family, community, and or father of baby (original code 1) 12 2 Illegitimacy disapproved. Parental disapproval, or hasty arrangement of marriage. No serious diminution of support (original code 2) 6 3 (original code 2.5) 16 4 Public disapproval, significant diminution of support (original code 3) 2 5 (original code 3.5) 6 6 Ostracism, permanent loss of status and support (original code 4) 1 7 7 136 NA NA v1251. Degree of Public Awareness of Menarche Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 16 1 Only mother and daughter know, no public announcement (original code 1) 7 2 Family knowledge, recognition within family (original code 2) 1 3 (original code 2.5) 5 4 Quiet segregation and/or recognition among women outside family (original code 3) 1 5 (original code 3.5) 21 6 Public ceremony (original code 4) 135 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Bobbi S. Low. 1988. Pathogen Stress and Polygyny in Humans. In, Human Reproductive Behavior: A Darwinian Perspective. (L. Betzig, M. Borgerhoff Mulder, and P. Turke, eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 115-127. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1253. Pathogen stress: Leishmanias Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 117 1 Absent or not recorded 35 2 Present, no indication of severity 34 3 Present and serious, widespread, or endemic v1254. Pathogen stress: Trypanosomes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 134 1 Absent or not recorded 38 2 Present, no indication of severity 14 3 Present and serious, widespread, or endemic v1255. Pathogen stress: Malaria Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 55 1 Absent or not recorded 20 2 Present, no indication of severity 111 3 Present and serious, widespread, or endemic v1256. Pathogen stress: Schistosomes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 129 1 Absent or not recorded 16 2 Present, no indication of severity 41 3 Present and serious, widespread, or endemic v1257. Pathogen stress: Filariae Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 89 1 Absent or not recorded 1 2 Present, no indication of severity 96 3 Present and serious, widespread, or endemic v1258. Pathogen stress: Spirochetes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 76 1 Absent or not recorded 45 2 Present, no indication of severity 65 3 Present and serious, widespread, or endemic v1259. Pathogen stress: Leprosy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 70 1 Absent or not recorded 72 2 Present, no indication of severity 44 3 Present and serious, widespread, or endemic v1260. Pathogen stress: Total Pathogen Stress Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=15 Freq Value Description 30 7 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 7 9 8 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 8 9 9 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 9 4 10 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 10 20 11 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 11 20 12 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 12 13 13 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 13 20 14 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 14 16 15 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 15 16 16 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 16 9 17 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 17 9 18 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 18 6 19 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 19 3 20 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 20 2 21 Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 21 ============================================================ SOURCE: Robert Dirks. 1993. Starvation and Famine: Cross-Cultural and Some Hypothesis Tests. Cross-Cultural Research 27:28-69. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1261. Ordinary Nutritional Conditions and Endemic Starvation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 38 1 Very Low 35 2 Low 23 3 High 5 4 Very High 85 NA NA v1262. Occurrence of Short-term Starvation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=169; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 21 1 Low 133 2 Moderate 15 3 High 17 NA NA v1263. Occurrence of Seasonal Starvation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 35 1 Very Low 5 2 Low 64 3 Moderate 29 4 High 35 5 Very High 18 NA NA v1264. Temporal Control Codes for Seasonal Starvation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=63; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 5 0 Post-dates ethnographic present. 4 1 Remote: more than 20 years prior to the focus date. 54 2 Proximate: no more than 20 years prior to the focus date. 123 NA NA v1265. Occurrence of Famine Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 16 1 Very Low 28 2 Low 12 3 High 114 4 Very High 16 NA NA v1266. Temporal Control Codes for the Occurrence of Famine Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=124; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 6 0 Post-dates ethnographic present. 6 1 Very Remote: more than 200 years prior to the focus date. 4 2 Remote: between 100 and 200 years prior to the focus date. 27 3 Proximate: between 20 and 100 years prior to focus date. 81 4 Very Proximate: within 20 years of focus date. 62 NA NA v1267. Severity of Famine Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 16 1 Very Low 7 2 Low 33 3 High 54 4 Very High 76 NA NA v1268. Persistence of Famine Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=105; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 29 1 Low 27 2 Moderate 49 3 High 81 NA NA v1269. Recurrence of Famine Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=129; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 1 Low 87 2 Intermediate 14 3 High 57 NA NA v1270. Contingency of Famine Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 16 0 Absent 13 1 Low 45 2 Intermediate 27 3 High 85 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Irvine. UMI 8893611. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1271. Adult Land Clearance: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=71; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 29 1 Men Only 13 2 Men Predominant 4 3 Men and Women Equal 3 4 Women Predominant 2 5 Women Only 1 10 Slaves Only 115 NA NA v1272. Adult Soil Preparation: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=67; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 21 1 Men Only 11 2 Men Predominant 6 3 Men and Women Equal 5 4 Women Predominant 4 5 Women Only 1 10 Slaves Only 119 NA NA v1273. Adult Planting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=71; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 10 1 Men Only 9 2 Men Predominant 10 3 Men and Women Equal 10 4 Women Predominant 10 5 Women Only 1 8 Men, No Data on Women 1 9 Women, No Data on Men 1 10 Slaves Only 115 NA NA v1274. Adult Crop Tending: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=67; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 6 1 Men Only 8 2 Men Predominant 8 3 Men and Women Equal 10 4 Women Predominant 15 5 Women Only 1 10 Slaves Only 119 NA NA v1275. Adult Harvesting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=71; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 5 1 Men Only 11 2 Men Predominant 13 3 Men and Women Equal 12 4 Women Predominant 10 5 Women Only 1 10 Slaves Only 115 NA NA v1276. Adult Agricultural Task Unspecified: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 2 1 Men Only 7 2 Men Predominant 4 3 Men and Women Equal 5 4 Women Predominant 1 5 Women Only 1 10 Slaves Only 147 NA NA v1277. Adult Other Agricultural Chores: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=20; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 1 10 Slaves Only 166 NA NA v1278. Child Land Clearance: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 13 1 Boys Only 3 2 Boys Predominant 5 3 Boys and Girls Equal 3 5 Girls Only 5 6 Not a Childs Task 4 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 2 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 1 10 Slaves Only 130 NA NA v1279. Child Soil Preparation: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 13 1 Boys Only 3 2 Boys Predominant 5 3 Boys and Girls Equal 4 5 Girls Only 2 6 Not a Childs Task 4 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 1 10 Slaves Only 133 NA NA v1280. Child Planting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 5 1 Boys Only 2 2 Boys Predominant 9 3 Boys and Girls Equal 1 4 Girls Predominant 8 5 Girls Only 6 6 Not a Childs Task 4 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 1 10 Slaves Only 129 NA NA v1281. Child Crop Tending: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=61; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 5 1 Boys Only 5 2 Boys Predominant 13 3 Boys and Girls Equal 3 4 Girls Predominant 5 5 Girls Only 3 6 Not a Childs Task 5 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 1 10 Slaves Only 125 NA NA v1282. Child Harvesting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 5 1 Boys Only 3 2 Boys Predominant 10 3 Boys and Girls Equal 4 4 Girls Predominant 8 5 Girls Only 1 6 Not a Childs Task 6 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 2 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 1 10 Slaves Only 126 NA NA v1283. Child Agricultural Task Unspecified: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 3 1 Boys Only 2 2 Boys Predominant 5 3 Boys and Girls Equal 2 4 Girls Predominant 3 5 Girls Only 2 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 2 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 1 10 Slaves Only 147 NA NA v1284. Child Other Agricultural Chores: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=22; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 1 1 Boys Only 1 5 Girls Only 1 10 Slaves Only 164 NA NA v1285. Children under 6 Clear Land: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 40 0 Children this age do not do task 2 4 Not a Childs Task 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 143 NA NA v1286. Children under 6 Soil Preparation: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 39 0 Children this age do not do task 1 4 Not a Childs Task 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 145 NA NA v1287. Children under 6 Planting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 39 0 Children this age do not do task 1 2 Girls this age 1 4 Not a Childs Task 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 144 NA NA v1288. Children under 6 Crop Tending: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 37 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 3 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 143 NA NA v1289. Children under 6 Harvesting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 38 0 Children this age do not do task 1 2 Girls this age 1 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 145 NA NA v1290. Children under 6 Agricultural Tasks Unspecified: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=29; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 28 0 Children this age do not do task 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 157 NA NA v1291. Children under 6 Other Agricultural Chores: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=22; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 21 0 Children this age do not do task 1 2 Girls this age 164 NA NA v1292. Children 6 to 10 Clear Land: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 32 0 Children this age do not do task 2 1 Boys this age 5 3 Boys and Girls this age 2 4 Not a Childs Task 145 NA NA v1293. Children 6 to 10 Soil Preparation: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 28 0 Children this age do not do task 3 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 6 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 4 Not a Childs Task 147 NA NA v1294. Children 6 to 10 Planting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 27 0 Children this age do not do task 2 1 Boys this age 3 2 Girls this age 9 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 4 Not a Childs Task 144 NA NA v1295. Children 6 to 10 Crop Tending: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 24 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 3 2 Girls this age 14 3 Boys and Girls this age 144 NA NA v1296. Children 6 to 10 Harvesting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 23 0 Children this age do not do task 4 1 Boys this age 4 2 Girls this age 9 3 Boys and Girls this age 146 NA NA v1297. Children 6 to 10 Agricultural Tasks Unspecified: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=27; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 20 0 Children this age do not do task 6 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 159 NA NA v1298. Children 6 to 10 Other Agricultural Chores: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=21; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 20 0 Children this age do not do task 1 3 Boys and Girls this age 165 NA NA v1299. Children over 10 Clear Land: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 20 0 Children this age do not do task 13 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 7 3 Boys and Girls this age 2 4 Not a Childs Task 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 142 NA NA v1300. Children over 10 Soil Preparation: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 19 0 Children this age do not do task 12 1 Boys this age 2 2 Girls this age 7 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 4 Not a Childs Task 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 144 NA NA v1301. Children over 10 Planting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 20 0 Children this age do not do task 5 1 Boys this age 5 2 Girls this age 11 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 4 Not a Childs Task 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 143 NA NA v1302. Children over 10 Crop Tending: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 21 0 Children this age do not do task 4 1 Boys this age 4 2 Girls this age 13 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 1 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 142 NA NA v1303. Children over 10 Harvesting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 19 0 Children this age do not do task 4 1 Boys this age 5 2 Girls this age 12 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 145 NA NA v1304. Children over 10 Agricultural Tasks Unspecified: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=28; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 19 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 6 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 158 NA NA v1305. Children over 10 Other Agricultural Chores: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=21; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 20 0 Children this age do not do task 1 3 Boys and Girls this age 165 NA NA v1306. Uses of Fruits of Labor: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=65; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 19 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 36 2 Product consumer is household or community 9 4 Household and wage labor or product sold 1 5 1 & 2 above 121 NA NA v1307. Children Clear Land Alone: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=49; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 20 0 Activity not present 2 1 Yes, Children do this 27 2 No, Children do not do this 137 NA NA v1308. Children Prepare Soil Alone: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 20 0 Activity not present 4 1 Yes, Children do this 24 2 No, Children do not do this 138 NA NA v1309. Children Plant Alone: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 3 1 Yes, Children do this 29 2 No, Children do not do this 135 NA NA v1310. Children Tend Crops Alone: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 3 1 Yes, Children do this 29 2 No, Children do not do this 135 NA NA v1311. Children Harvest Alone: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 2 1 Yes, Children do this 31 2 No, Children do not do this 134 NA NA v1312. Children Do Unspecified Agricultural Tasks Alone: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 18 2 No, Children do not do this 148 NA NA v1313. Children Do Other Agricultural Chores Alone: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=25; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 5 2 No, Children do not do this 161 NA NA v1314. Children Clear Land with Other Kids: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 20 0 Activity not present 7 1 Yes, Children do this 23 2 No, Children do not do this 136 NA NA v1315. Children Prepare Soil with Other Kids: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 20 0 Activity not present 5 1 Yes, Children do this 23 2 No, Children do not do this 138 NA NA v1316. Children Plant with Other Kids: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 7 1 Yes, Children do this 24 2 No, Children do not do this 136 NA NA v1317. Children Tend Crops with Other Kids: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 12 1 Yes, Children do this 21 2 No, Children do not do this 134 NA NA v1318. Children Harvest with Other Kids: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 6 1 Yes, Children do this 27 2 No, Children do not do this 134 NA NA v1319. Children Do Unspecified Chores with Other Kids: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 5 1 Yes, Children do this 12 2 No, Children do not do this 150 NA NA v1320. Children Do Other Agricultural Chores with Other Kids: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 4 2 No, Children do not do this 162 NA NA v1321. Children Clear Land with Adults: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=49; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 20 0 Activity not present 24 1 Yes, Children do this (codes not ordered) 5 2 No, Children do not do this 137 NA NA v1322. Children Prepare Soil with Adults: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 20 0 Activity not present 23 1 Yes , Children do this 5 2 No, Children do not do this 138 NA NA v1323. Children Plant with Adults: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 25 1 Yes, Children do this 6 2 No, Children do not do this 136 NA NA v1324. Children Tend Crops with Adults: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 23 1 Yes, Children do this 9 2 No, Children do not do this 135 NA NA v1325. Children Harvest with Adults: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 28 1 Yes, Children do this 5 2 No, Children do not do this 134 NA NA v1326. Children Do Unspecified Agricultural Tasks with Adults: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 14 1 Yes, Children do this 3 2 No, Children do not do this 150 NA NA v1327. Children Do Other Agricultural Chores with Adults: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=22; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 19 0 Activity not present 2 1 Yes, Children do this 1 2 No, Children do not do this 164 NA NA v1328. Importance of Boy Clearing: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 21 0 Boys do not do this task 3 1 The most important task for boys 16 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 146 NA NA v1329. Importance of Boy Preparing Soil: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 22 0 Boys do not do this task 4 1 The most important task for boys 13 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 147 NA NA v1330. Importance of Boy Planting: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 27 0 Boys do not do this task 2 1 The most important task for boys 11 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 2 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 144 NA NA v1331. Importance of Boy Tending Crops: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 23 0 Boys do not do this task 4 1 The most important task for boys 14 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 2 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 143 NA NA v1332. Importance of Boy Harvesting: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 25 0 Boys do not do this task 2 1 The most important task for boys 15 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 2 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 142 NA NA v1333. Importance of Boy Unspecified Agricultural Tasks: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=29; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 20 0 Boys do not do this task 2 1 The most important task for boys 7 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 157 NA NA v1334. Importance of Boy Other Agricultural Chores: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=21; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 19 0 Boys do not do this task 2 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 165 NA NA v1335. Importance of Girl Clearing: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 29 0 Girls do not do this task 11 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 146 NA NA v1336. Importance of Girl Preparing Soil: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 27 0 Girls do not do this task 10 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 149 NA NA v1337. Importance of Girl Planting: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 24 0 Girls do not do this task 19 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 143 NA NA v1338. Importance of Girl Tending Crops: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 22 0 Girls do not do this task 1 1 The most important task for girls 19 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys 143 NA NA v1339. Importance of Girl Harvesting: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 23 0 Girls do not do this task 20 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys 142 NA NA v1340. Importance of Girl Unspecified Agricultural Tasks: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=31; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 20 0 Girls do not do this task 1 1 The most important task for girls 9 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys 155 NA NA v1341. Importance of Girl Other Agricultural Chores: Primary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=21; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 19 0 Girls do not do this task 2 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 165 NA NA v1342. Adult Preference in Land Clearing: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=65; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 21 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 43 1 Common or important adult task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 121 NA NA v1343. Adult Preference in Soil Preparation: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=62; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 21 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 40 1 Common or important adult task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 124 NA NA v1344. Adult Preference in Planting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=65; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 21 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 42 1 Common or important adult task 1 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 121 NA NA v1345. Adult Preference in Crop Tending: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=63; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 21 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 37 1 Common or important adult task 4 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 123 NA NA v1346. Adult Preference in Harvesting: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=68; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 21 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 46 1 Common or important adult task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 118 NA NA v1347. Adult Preference in Unspecified Agricultural Tasks: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 21 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 14 1 Common or important adult task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 150 NA NA v1348. Adult Preference in Other Agricultural Chores: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=22; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 21 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 1 1 Common or important adult task 164 NA NA v1349. Primary Crop Name Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=81; Number of unique values=17 Freq Value Description 21 0 No agriculture 2 1 Barley 10 2 Maize 8 3 Millet 3 4 Dry rice 7 5 Wet rice 5 7 Wheat 1 13 Breadfruit 5 14 Cassava 2 15 Potato 1 16 Sweet potato 4 18 Taro 5 19 Yams 2 21 Plantains 1 22 Dates 2 31 Coconut 2 51 Animal fodder 105 NA NA v1350. Other Primary Crop Name Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=72; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 66 0 No agriculture 2 1 Barley 1 5 Wet rice 2 6 Sorghum 1 13 Breadfruit 114 NA NA v1351. Irrigation Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=73; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 51 0 None/Absent 22 1 Yes/Present 113 NA NA v1352. Hand Plow Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=73; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 70 0 None/Absent 3 1 Yes/Present 113 NA NA v1353. Animal Plow Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=72; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 56 0 None/Absent 16 1 Yes/Present 114 NA NA v1354. Terraces and Mounds Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=66; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 46 0 None/Absent 20 1 Yes/Present 120 NA NA v1355. Fences Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=59; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 47 0 None/Absent 12 1 Yes/Present 127 NA NA v1356. Green Manure and Mulch Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 53 0 None/Absent 5 1 Yes/Present 128 NA NA v1357. Animal Manure Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 48 0 None/Absent 9 1 Yes/Present 129 NA NA v1358. Human Manure Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 54 0 None/Absent 3 1 Yes/Present 129 NA NA v1359. Pesticides Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=64; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 64 0 None/Absent 122 NA NA v1360. Extent of Weeding: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 26 0 None/No weeding/crops not weeded 1 1 Crop weeded once 4 2 Crop weeded twice 6 3 Crop weeded three times 2 4 Weeding, but not extensively, no data on # times 13 5 Extensive weeding, no data on # times 8 6 Weeding, no data on extent or # times 126 NA NA v1361. Crop Supervision: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=64; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 22 0 No agriculture 27 1 Crops supervised from homestead 15 2 Distant crops supervised, e.g. huts built in fields 122 NA NA v1362. Planting Techniques: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 21 0 No agriculture 3 1 Seeds broadcast 14 2 Seeds planted by hand/manually 6 3 Seedlings transplanted 9 4 Cuttings planted 1 5 1 and 2 above 3 6 2 and 3 above 129 NA NA v1363. Shortest Length of Fallow: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 24 0 No agriculture 15 1 0 years (permanent cultivation) 4 2 2 years 2 3 3 years 2 4 4 years 5 5 5 years 3 6 6 years 1 7 7 years 130 NA NA v1364. Soil Treatments/Sands Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 53 0 None/Absent 5 1 Yes/Present 128 NA NA v1365. Chemical Fertilizers Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=62; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 59 0 None/Absent 3 1 Yes/Present 124 NA NA v1366. Stakes and Trellises Used: Primary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=49; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 45 0 None/Absent 4 1 Yes/Present 137 NA NA v1367. Adult Land Clearance: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=64; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 17 1 Men Only 11 2 Men Predominant 4 3 Men and Women Equal 1 4 Women Predominant 3 5 Women Only 1 8 Men, No Data on Women 1 10 Slaves Only 122 NA NA v1368. Adult Soil Preparation: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=61; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 13 1 Men Only 8 2 Men Predominant 3 3 Men and Women Equal 4 4 Women Predominant 5 5 Women Only 1 8 Men, No Data on Women 1 10 Slaves Only 125 NA NA v1369. Adult Planting: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=59; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 7 1 Men Only 1 2 Men Predominant 8 3 Men and Women Equal 6 4 Women Predominant 9 5 Women Only 2 8 Men, No Data on Women 1 10 Slaves Only 127 NA NA v1370. Adult Crop Tending: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=61; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 6 1 Men Only 2 2 Men Predominant 9 3 Men and Women Equal 6 4 Women Predominant 10 5 Women Only 1 8 Men, No Data on Women 1 10 Slaves Only 125 NA NA v1371. Adult Harvesting: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=61; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 5 1 Men Only 5 2 Men Predominant 8 3 Men and Women Equal 9 4 Women Predominant 7 5 Women Only 1 7 Adult Task, No Data on Sex 1 10 Slaves Only 125 NA NA v1372. Adult Agricultural Task Unspecified: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 1 1 Men Only 3 2 Men Predominant 4 3 Men and Women Equal 2 4 Women Predominant 2 5 Women Only 1 7 Adult Task, No Data on Sex 1 10 Slaves Only 147 NA NA v1373. Adult Other Agricultural Chores: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 1 10 Slaves Only 160 NA NA v1374. Child Land Clearance: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 9 1 Boys Only 1 2 Boys Predominant 3 3 Boys and Girls Equal 3 5 Girls Only 3 6 Not a Childs Task 3 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 1 10 Slaves Only 135 NA NA v1375. Child Soil Preparation: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 7 1 Boys Only 1 2 Boys Predominant 3 3 Boys and Girls Equal 5 5 Girls Only 2 6 Not a Childs Task 3 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 1 10 Slaves Only 136 NA NA v1376. Child Planting: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 3 1 Boys Only 1 2 Boys Predominant 6 3 Boys and Girls Equal 1 4 Girls Predominant 3 5 Girls Only 2 6 Not a Childs Task 4 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 1 10 Slaves Only 138 NA NA v1377. Child Crop Tending: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 3 1 Boys Only 1 2 Boys Predominant 10 3 Boys and Girls Equal 2 4 Girls Predominant 3 5 Girls Only 3 6 Not a Childs Task 3 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 1 10 Slaves Only 132 NA NA v1378. Child Crop Harvesting: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 5 1 Boys Only 1 2 Boys Predominant 6 3 Boys and Girls Equal 2 4 Girls Predominant 4 5 Girls Only 1 6 Not a Childs Task 6 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 1 10 Slaves Only 134 NA NA v1379. Child Agricultural Task Unspecified: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 1 1 Boys Only 1 2 Boys Predominant 4 3 Boys and Girls Equal 1 4 Girls Predominant 3 5 Girls Only 2 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 1 10 Slaves Only 147 NA NA v1380. Child Other Agricultural Chores: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 1 10 Slaves Only 160 NA NA v1381. Children under 6 Clear Land: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 39 0 Children this age do not do task 147 NA NA v1382. Children under 6 Soil Preparation: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 39 0 Children this age do not do task 147 NA NA v1383. Children under 6 Planting: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 38 0 Children this age do not do task 148 NA NA v1384. Children under 6 Crop Tending: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 39 0 Children this age do not do task 2 3 Boys and Girls this age 145 NA NA v1385. Children under 6 Harvesting: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 37 0 Children this age do not do task 149 NA NA v1386. Children under 6 Agricultural Tasks Unspecified: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=31; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 31 0 Children this age do not do task 155 NA NA v1387. Children under 6 Other Agricultural Chores: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 26 0 Children this age do not do task 160 NA NA v1388. Children 6 to 10 Clear Land: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 35 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 3 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 146 NA NA v1389. Children 6 to 10 Soil Preparation: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 31 0 Children this age do not do task 2 1 Boys this age 2 2 Girls this age 3 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 147 NA NA v1390. Children 6 to 10 Planting: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 31 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 4 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 148 NA NA v1391. Children 6 to 10 Crop Tending: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 30 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 6 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 147 NA NA v1392. Children 6 to 10 Harvesting: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 30 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 3 3 Boys and Girls this age 2 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 149 NA NA v1393. Children 6 to 10 Agricultural Tasks Unspecified: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=31; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 27 0 Children this age do not do task 3 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 155 NA NA v1394. Children 6 to 10 Other Agricultural Chores: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 25 0 Children this age do not do task 1 3 Boys and Girls this age 160 NA NA v1395. Children over 10 Clear Land: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 26 0 Children this age do not do task 8 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 4 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 146 NA NA v1396. Children over 10 Soil Preparation: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 25 0 Children this age do not do task 6 1 Boys this age 3 2 Girls this age 4 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 147 NA NA v1397. Children over 10 Planting: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 25 0 Children this age do not do task 3 1 Boys this age 2 2 Girls this age 7 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 148 NA NA v1398. Children over 10 Crop Tending: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 26 0 Children this age do not do task 3 1 Boys this age 3 2 Girls this age 7 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 146 NA NA v1399. Children over 10 Harvesting: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 25 0 Children this age do not do task 4 1 Boys this age 2 2 Girls this age 4 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 150 NA NA v1400. Children over 10 Agricultural Tasks Unspecified: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=30; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 25 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 3 3 Boys and Girls this age 156 NA NA v1401. Children over 10 Other Agricultural Chores: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 25 0 Children this age do not do task 1 3 Boys and Girls this age 160 NA NA v1402. Uses of Fruits of Labor: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=59; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 25 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 28 2 Product consumer is household or community 2 3 Wage labor/product sold 3 4 Household and wage labor or product sold 1 5 1 & 2 above 127 NA NA v1403. Children Clear Land Alone: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 17 2 No, Children do not do this 142 NA NA v1404. Children Prepare Soil Alone: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 16 2 No, Children do not do this 143 NA NA v1405. Children Plant Alone: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 18 2 No, Children do not do this 142 NA NA v1406. Children Tend Crops Alone: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 19 2 No, Children do not do this 140 NA NA v1407. Children Harvest Alone: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 2 1 Yes, Children do this 19 2 No, Children do not do this 140 NA NA v1408. Children Do Unspecified Agricultural Tasks Alone: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 13 2 No, Children do not do this 147 NA NA v1409. Children Do Other Agricultural Chores Alone: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=29; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 3 2 No, Children do not do this 157 NA NA v1410. Children Clear Land with Other Kids: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 5 1 Yes, Children do this 14 2 No, Children do not do this 141 NA NA v1411. Children Prepare Soil with Other Kids: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 3 1 Yes, Children do this 14 2 No, Children do not do this 143 NA NA v1412. Children Plant with Other Kids: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 5 1 Yes, Children do this 14 2 No, Children do not do this 142 NA NA v1413. Children Tend Crops with Other Kids: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 9 1 Yes, Children do this 11 2 No, Children do not do this 140 NA NA v1414. Children Harvest with Other Kids: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 7 1 Yes, Children do this 14 2 No, Children do not do this 140 NA NA v1415. Children Do Unspecified Chores with Other Kids: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 4 1 Yes, Children do this 8 2 No, Children do not do this 149 NA NA v1416. Children Do Other Agricultural Chores with Other Kids: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=28; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 2 2 No, Children do not do this 158 NA NA v1417. Children Clear Land with Adults: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 14 1 Yes, Children do this 4 2 No, Children do not do this 142 NA NA v1418. Children Prepare Soil with Adults: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 14 1 Yes, Children do this 3 2 No, Children do not do this 143 NA NA v1419. Children Plant with Adults: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 15 1 Yes, Children do this 4 2 No, Children do not do this 142 NA NA v1420. Children Tend Crops with Adults: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 13 1 Yes, Children do this 7 2 No, Children do not do this 140 NA NA v1421. Children Harvest with Adults: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 16 1 Yes, Children do this 5 2 No, Children do not do this 140 NA NA v1422. Children Do Unspecified Agricultural Tasks with Adults: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 7 1 Yes, Children do this 4 2 No, Children do not do this 150 NA NA v1423. Children Do Other Agricultural Chores with Adults: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 25 0 Activity not present 1 2 No, Children do not do this 160 NA NA v1424. Importance of Boy Clearing: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 26 0 Boys do not do this task 10 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 150 NA NA v1425. Importance of Boy Preparing Soil: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 Boys do not do this task 1 1 The most important task for boys 7 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 150 NA NA v1426. Importance of Boy Planting: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 27 0 Boys do not do this task 9 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 2 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 148 NA NA v1427. Importance of Boy Tending Crops: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 27 0 Boys do not do this task 10 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 148 NA NA v1428. Importance of Boy Harvesting: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 27 0 Boys do not do this task 13 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 145 NA NA v1429. Importance of Boy Unspecified Agricultural Tasks: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=32; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Boys do not do this task 1 1 The most important task for boys 5 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 154 NA NA v1430. Importance of Boy Other Agricultural Chores: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 25 0 Boys do not do this task 1 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 160 NA NA v1431. Importance of Girl Clearing: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 30 0 Girls do not do this task 8 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 148 NA NA v1432. Importance of Girl Preparing Soil: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 27 0 Girls do not do this task 9 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 150 NA NA v1433. Importance of Girl Planting: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 27 0 Girls do not do this task 11 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys 147 NA NA v1434. Importance of Girl Tending Crops: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 27 0 Girls do not do this task 1 1 The most important task for girls 11 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 147 NA NA v1435. Importance of Girl Harvesting: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 Girls do not do this task 1 1 The most important task for girls 13 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 144 NA NA v1436. Importance of Girl Unspecified Agricultural Tasks: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Girls do not do this task 1 1 The most important task for girls 8 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 151 NA NA v1437. Importance of Girl Other Agricultural Chores: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 25 0 Girls do not do this task 1 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 160 NA NA v1438. Adult Preference in Land Clearing: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=61; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 29 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 31 1 Common or important adult task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 125 NA NA v1439. Adult Preference in Soil Preparation: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 29 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 30 1 Common or important adult task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 126 NA NA v1440. Adult Preference in Planting: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 29 1 Common or important adult task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 128 NA NA v1441. Adult Preference in Crop Tending: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 29 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 26 1 Common or important adult task 2 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 128 NA NA v1442. Adult Preference in Harvesting: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=59; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 30 1 Common or important adult task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 127 NA NA v1443. Adult Preference in Unspecified Agricultural Tasks: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 12 1 Common or important adult task 146 NA NA v1444. Adult Preference in Other Agricultural Chores: Secondary Crop { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=30; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 2 1 Common or important adult task 156 NA NA v1445. Secondary Crop Name Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=79; Number of unique values=23 Freq Value Description 28 0 No agriculture 3 1 Barley 7 2 Maize 4 3 Millet 3 4 Dry rice 1 7 Wheat 1 8 Buckwheat 2 11 Groundnut 4 12 Beans 3 14 Cassava 3 15 Potato 1 16 Sweet potato 6 18 Taro 3 19 Yams 2 21 Plantains 1 22 Dates 1 24 Other fruit trees 1 41 Cocoa 1 42 Cotton 1 44 Sugarcane 1 45 Cardamum 1 46 Tobacco 1 47 Rubber 107 NA NA v1446. Other Secondary Crop Name Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=71; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 57 0 No agriculture 1 5 Wet rice 3 6 Sorghum 1 7 Wheat 1 13 Breadfruit 4 17 Squashes 1 18 Taro 1 19 Yams 1 21 Plantains 1 23 Mango 115 NA NA v1447. Irrigation Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=68; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 53 0 None/Absent 15 1 Yes/Present 118 NA NA v1448. Hand Plow Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=70; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 67 0 None/Absent 3 1 Yes/Present 116 NA NA v1449. Animal Plow Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=69; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 58 0 None/Absent 11 1 Yes/Present 117 NA NA v1450. Terraces and Mounds Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=61; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 47 0 None/Absent 14 1 Yes/Present 125 NA NA v1451. Fences Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=61; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 48 0 None/Absent 13 1 Yes/Present 125 NA NA v1452. Green Manure and Mulch Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 53 0 None/Absent 5 1 Yes/Present 128 NA NA v1453. Animal Manure Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 48 0 None/Absent 9 1 Yes/Present 129 NA NA v1454. Human Manure Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 55 0 None/Absent 2 1 Yes/Present 129 NA NA v1455. Pesticides Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=64; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 64 0 None/Absent 122 NA NA v1456. Extent of Weeding: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 32 0 None/No weeding/crops not weeded 1 1 Crop weeded once 2 2 Crop weeded twice 4 3 Crop weeded three times 3 4 Weeding, but not extensively, no data on # times 8 5 Extensive weeding, no data on # times 7 6 Weeding, no data on extent or # times 129 NA NA v1457. Crop Supervision: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=62; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 32 0 No agriculture 20 1 Crops supervised from homestead 10 2 Distant crops supervised, e.g. huts built in fields 124 NA NA v1458. Planting Techniques: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 28 0 No agriculture 2 1 Seeds broadcast 12 2 Seeds planted by hand/manually 2 3 Seedlings transplanted 11 4 Cuttings planted 1 5 2 and 3 above 130 NA NA v1459. Shortest Length of Fallow: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=49; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 28 0 No agriculture 12 1 0 years (permanent cultivation) 1 2 2 years 1 3 3 years 1 4 4 years 2 5 5 years 2 6 6 years 1 10 10 years 1 20 20 years 137 NA NA v1460. Soil Treatments/Sands Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 56 0 None/Absent 4 1 Yes/Present 126 NA NA v1461. Chemical Fertilizers Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=64; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 62 0 None/Absent 2 1 Yes/Present 122 NA NA v1462. Stakes and Trellises Used: Secondary Crop Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 48 0 None/Absent 4 1 Yes/Present 134 NA NA v1463. Adults Herd Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 27 0 Activity not present 7 1 Men Only 3 2 Men Predominant 5 5 Women Only 1 6 Not an Adult Task 1 10 Slaves Only 142 NA NA v1464. Adults Care for Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 3 1 Men Only 3 2 Men Predominant 5 3 Men and Women Equal 6 4 Women Predominant 12 5 Women Only 1 6 Not an Adult Task 130 NA NA v1465. Children Herd Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 27 0 Activity not present 7 1 Boys Only 5 2 Boys Predominant 2 3 Boys and Girls Equal 3 5 Girls Only 1 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 2 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 139 NA NA v1466. Children Care for Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 26 0 Activity not present 4 1 Boys Only 4 2 Boys Predominant 2 3 Boys and Girls Equal 3 4 Girls Predominant 5 5 Girls Only 2 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 2 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 138 NA NA v1467. Children under 6 Herd Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 35 0 Children this age do not do task 2 1 Boys this age 2 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 147 NA NA v1468. Children 6 to 10 Herd Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 26 0 Children this age do not do task 7 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 4 3 Boys and Girls this age 3 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 145 NA NA v1469. Children over 10 Herd Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 26 0 Children this age do not do task 6 1 Boys this age 2 2 Girls this age 4 3 Boys and Girls this age 3 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 145 NA NA v1470. Children under 10 Care for Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 37 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 2 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 145 NA NA v1471. Children 6 to 10 Care for Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 27 0 Children this age do not do task 2 1 Boys this age 2 2 Girls this age 8 3 Boys and Girls this age 2 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 145 NA NA v1472. Children over 10 Care for Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 26 0 Children this age do not do task 4 1 Boys this age 4 2 Girls this age 5 3 Boys and Girls this age 2 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 145 NA NA v1473. Product Use of Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 25 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 16 2 Product consumer is household or community 5 4 Household and wage labor or product sold 2 5 1 and 2 above 138 NA NA v1474. Children Herd Small Animals Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 2 1 Yes, children do this 8 2 No, children do not do this 151 NA NA v1475. Children Herd Small Animals with Children Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 None (e.g., activity not present) (codes not ordered) 9 1 Yes, children do this 1 2 No, children do not do this 151 NA NA v1476. Children Herd Small Animals with Adults { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 8 1 Yes, children do this 3 2 No, children do not do this 150 NA NA v1477. Children Care for Small Animals Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=34; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 1 1 Yes, children do this 8 2 No, children do not do this 152 NA NA v1478. Children Care for Small Animals with Children { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=34; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 5 1 Yes, children do this 4 2 No, children do not do this 152 NA NA v1479. Children Care for Small Animals with Adults { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 9 1 Yes, children do this 1 2 No, children do not do this 151 NA NA v1480. Importance of Boy Herding Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 26 0 Boys do not do this task 9 1 The most important task for boys 4 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 147 NA NA v1481. Importance of Girl Herding Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 30 0 Girls do not do this task 6 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys 149 NA NA v1482. Importance of Boy Care for Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 28 0 Boys do not do this task 1 1 The most important task for boys 6 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 150 NA NA v1483. Importance of Girl Care for Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 26 0 Girls do not do this task 11 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 149 NA NA v1484. Adult Preference in Herding Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 12 1 Common or important adult task 6 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 143 NA NA v1485. Adult Preference in Caring for Small Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 25 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 19 1 Common or important adult task 3 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 139 NA NA v1486. Goats Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=78; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 51 0 Absent 27 2 Present, important 108 NA NA v1487. Sheep Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=78; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 52 0 Absent 26 2 Present, important 108 NA NA v1488. Pigs Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=78; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 50 0 Absent 2 1 Present, minor 26 2 Present, important 108 NA NA v1489. Rabbits and Guinea Pigs Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=78; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 50 0 Absent 2 1 Present, minor 26 2 Present, important 108 NA NA v1490. Sled and Pack Dogs Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=78; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 74 0 Absent 4 2 Present, important 108 NA NA v1491. Adults Herd Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 29 0 Activity not present 16 1 Men Only 9 2 Men Predominant 1 3 Men and Women Equal 1 5 Women Only 1 6 Not an Adult Task 1 8 Men, No Data on Women 128 NA NA v1492. Adults Care for Large Animals Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 28 0 Activity not present 7 1 Men Only 11 2 Men Predominant 6 3 Men and Women Equal 5 4 Women Predominant 1 5 Women Only 1 8 Men, No Data on Women 1 9 Women, No Data on Men 126 NA NA v1493. Children Herd Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=61; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 28 0 Activity not present 17 1 Boys Only 11 2 Boys Predominant 1 3 Boys and Girls Equal 3 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 125 NA NA v1494. Children Care for Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=59; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 28 0 Activity not present 10 1 Boys Only 12 2 Boys Predominant 1 3 Boys and Girls Equal 2 4 Girls Predominant 1 5 Girls Only 3 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 2 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 127 NA NA v1495. Children under 6 Herd Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 52 0 Children this age do not do task 2 1 Boys this age 132 NA NA v1496. Children 6 to 10 Herd Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 37 0 Children this age do not do task 8 1 Boys this age 6 3 Boys and Girls this age 3 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 132 NA NA v1497. Children over 10 Herd Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=55; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 29 0 Children this age do not do task 17 1 Boys this age 6 3 Boys and Girls this age 3 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 131 NA NA v1498. Children under 6 Care for Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 51 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 133 NA NA v1499. Children 6 to 10 Care for Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 34 0 Children this age do not do task 7 1 Boys this age 1 2 Girls this age 10 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 133 NA NA v1500. Children over 10 Care for Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 28 0 Children this age do not do task 13 1 Boys this age 2 2 Girls this age 9 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 133 NA NA v1501. Product Use of Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 19 2 Product consumer is household or community 7 4 Household and wage labor or product sold 2 5 1 and 2 above 130 NA NA v1502. Children Herd Large Animals Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 5 1 Yes, children do this 15 2 No, children do not do this 138 NA NA v1503. Children Herd Large Animals with Children Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g., activity not present) (codes not ordered) 17 1 Yes, children do this 3 2 No, children do not do this 138 NA NA v1504. Children Herd Large Animals with Adults Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 16 1 Yes, children do this 4 2 No, children do not do this 138 NA NA v1505. Children Care for Large Animals Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 3 1 Yes, children do this 14 2 No, children do not do this 141 NA NA v1506. Children Care for Large Animals with Children { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 14 1 Yes, children do this 3 2 No, children do not do this 141 NA NA v1507. Children Care for Large Animals with Adults { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 15 1 Yes, children do this 2 2 No, children do not do this 141 NA NA v1508. Importance of Boy Herding Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 28 0 Boys do not do this task 16 1 The most important task for boys 5 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 136 NA NA v1509. Importance of Girl Herding Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 39 0 Girls do not do this task 1 1 The most important task for girls 5 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 3 3 Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys 138 NA NA v1510. Importance of Boy Care for Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 29 0 Boys do not do this task 6 1 The most important task for boys 5 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 2 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 144 NA NA v1511. Importance of Girl Care for Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 33 0 Girls do not do this task 2 1 The most important task for girls 5 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 2 3 Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys 144 NA NA v1512. Adult Preference in Herding Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 19 1 Common or important adult task 7 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 132 NA NA v1513. Adult Preference in Caring for Large Animals { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 28 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 22 1 Common or important adult task 2 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 134 NA NA v1514. Cattle Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 42 0 Absent 3 1 Present, minor 32 2 Present, important 109 NA NA v1515. Horses Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=76; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 52 0 Absent 2 1 Present, minor 22 2 Present, important 110 NA NA v1516. Donkeys/Mules Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 61 0 Absent 16 2 Present, important 109 NA NA v1517. Camels Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 72 0 Absent 5 2 Present, important 109 NA NA v1518. Reindeer Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 75 0 Absent 2 2 Present, important 109 NA NA v1519. Yaks Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 75 0 Absent 2 2 Present, important 109 NA NA v1520. Buffalo Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 74 0 Absent 3 2 Present, important 109 NA NA v1521. Llama Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 76 0 Absent 1 2 Present, important 109 NA NA v1522. Adults Do Wage Labor { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 14 0 Activity not present 17 1 Men Only 10 2 Men Predominant 7 3 Men and Women Equal 1 4 Women Predominant 8 8 Men, No Data on Women 129 NA NA v1523. Children Do Wage Labor { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 14 0 Activity not present 10 1 Boys Only 5 2 Boys Predominant 1 3 Boys and Girls Equal 8 6 Not a Childs Task 148 NA NA v1524. Children under 6 Do Wage Labor { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=16; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 14 0 Children this age do not do task 2 4 Not a Childs Task 170 NA NA v1525. Children 6 to 10 Do Wage Labor { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=17; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 14 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 2 4 Not a Childs Task 169 NA NA v1526. Children over 10 Do Wage Labor { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 14 0 Children this age do not do task 6 1 Boys this age 2 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 4 Not a Childs Task 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 162 NA NA v1527. Who Controls the Earnings of Wage Labor? { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=25; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 14 0 None 7 1 Child 2 2 Parents 2 4 Child and Parents 161 NA NA v1528. Children Do Wage Labor Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=16; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 14 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 1 2 No, Children do not do this 170 NA NA v1529. Children Do Wage Labor with Children { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=16; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 14 0 Activity not present 2 2 No, Children do not do this 170 NA NA v1530. Children Do Wage Labor with Adults { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=16; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 14 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 1 2 No, Children do not do this 170 NA NA v1531. Importance of Boy Doing Wage Labor { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=21; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 14 0 Boys do not do this task 1 1 The most important task for boys 4 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 2 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 165 NA NA v1532. Importance of Girl Doing Wage Labor { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=16; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 14 0 Girls do not do this task 1 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys 170 NA NA v1533. Adult Preference Wage Labor { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 14 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 18 1 Common or important adult task 2 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 151 NA NA v1534. Adults Trade { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 2 0 Activity not present 8 1 Men Only 5 2 Men Predominant 22 3 Men and Women Equal 5 4 Women Predominant 2 5 Women Only 4 9 Women, No Data on Men 138 NA NA v1535. Children Trade { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=30; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 2 0 Activity not present 4 1 Boys Only 1 2 Boys Predominant 3 3 Boys and Girls Equal 4 5 Girls Only 14 6 Not a Childs Task 2 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 156 NA NA v1536. Children under 6 Trade { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=6; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 0 Children this age do not do task 1 2 Girls this age 3 4 Not a Childs Task 180 NA NA v1537. Children 6 to 10 Trade { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=10; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 0 Children this age do not do task 5 2 Girls this age 3 4 Not a Childs Task 176 NA NA v1538. Children over 10 Trade { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=16; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 0 Children this age do not do task 4 1 Boys this age 4 2 Girls this age 3 3 Boys and Girls this age 3 4 Not a Childs Task 170 NA NA v1539. Who Controls the Cash from Trade? { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=13; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 3 0 None 7 1 Child 1 2 Parents 2 4 Child and Parents 173 NA NA v1540. Children Trade Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=10; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 3 0 Activity not present 4 1 Yes, Children do this 3 2 No, Children do not do this 176 NA NA v1541. Children Trade alongside Other Children { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=10; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 0 Activity not present 7 2 No, Children do not do this 176 NA NA v1542. Children Trade alongside Adults { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=10; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 3 0 Activity not present 5 1 Yes, Children do this 2 2 No, Children do not do this 176 NA NA v1543. Importance of Boy Trading { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=10; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 0 Boys do not do this task 7 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 176 NA NA v1544. Importance of Girl Trading { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=10; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 0 Girls do not do this task 7 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 176 NA NA v1545. Adult Preference in Trade { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 2 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 33 1 Common or important adult task 151 NA NA v1546. Adults Gather { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 11 0 Activity not present 4 3 Men and Women Equal 9 4 Women Predominant 26 5 Women Only 1 7 Adult Task, No Data on Sex 1 8 Men, No Data on Women 1 9 Women, No Data on Men 133 NA NA v1547. Children Gather { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 11 0 Activity not present 1 1 Boys Only 1 2 Boys Predominant 4 3 Boys and Girls Equal 5 4 Girls Predominant 9 5 Girls Only 3 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 151 NA NA v1548. Children under 6 Gather { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=13; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 11 0 Children this age do not do task 1 2 Girls this age 1 3 Boys and Girls this age 173 NA NA v1549. Children 6 to 10 Gather { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 11 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 4 2 Girls this age 5 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 2 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 162 NA NA v1550. Children over 10 Gather { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=27; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 11 0 Children this age do not do task 2 1 Boys this age 7 2 Girls this age 4 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 4 Not a Childs Task 2 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 159 NA NA v1551. Who Controls the Products of Gathering? { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=30; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 11 0 None (e.g., activity not present) 12 2 Product consumer is household or community 7 5 1 and 2 above 156 NA NA v1552. Children Gather Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=28; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 11 0 Activity not present 17 2 No, Children do not do this 158 NA NA v1553. Children Gather with Children { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=28; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 11 0 Activity not present 5 1 Yes, Children do this 12 2 No, Children do not do this 158 NA NA v1554. Children Gather with Adults { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=28; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 11 0 Activity not present 15 1 Yes, Children do this 2 2 No, Children do not do this 158 NA NA v1555. Importance of Boy Gathering { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=22; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 11 0 Boys do not do this task 7 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 4 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 164 NA NA v1556. Importance of Girl Gathering { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 11 0 Girls do not do this task 14 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys 160 NA NA v1557. Adult Preference Gathering { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 11 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 36 1 Common or important adult task 139 NA NA v1592. Adults Cook { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=76; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 2 Men Predominant 1 3 Men and Women Equal 25 4 Women Predominant 44 5 Women Only 5 9 Women, No Data on Men 110 NA NA v1593. Children Cook { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=50; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 1 2 Boys Predominant 2 3 Boys and Girls Equal 12 4 Girls Predominant 31 5 Girls Only 2 6 Not a Childs Task 1 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 136 NA NA v1594. Children under 6 Cook { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=6; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 3 2 Girls this age 1 3 Boys and Girls this age 2 4 Not a Childs Task 180 NA NA v1595. Children 6 to 10 Cook { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=27; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 17 2 Girls this age 7 3 Boys and Girls this age 2 4 Not a Childs Task 1 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 159 NA NA v1596. Children over 10 Cook { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=33; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Boys this age 21 2 Girls this age 8 3 Boys and Girls this age 2 4 Not a Childs Task 1 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 153 NA NA v1597. Who Controls the Products of Cooking? { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 3 Wage labor/Product sold 37 5 1 and 2 above 1 6 All 147 NA NA v1598. Children Cook Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 2 1 Yes, Children do this 22 2 No, Children do not do this 162 NA NA v1599. Children Cook with Children { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 5 1 Yes, Children do this 19 2 No, Children do not do this 162 NA NA v1600. Children Cook with Adults { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 24 1 Yes, Children do this 162 NA NA v1601. Importance of Boy Cooking { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=10; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 5 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 5 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 176 NA NA v1602. Importance of Girl Cooking { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 1 1 The most important task for Girls 37 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 148 NA NA v1603. Adult Preference Cooking { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=67; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 66 1 Common or important adult task 1 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 119 NA NA v1604. Adults Tend Fires { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=30; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 4 3 Men and Women Equal 6 4 Women Predominant 15 5 Women Only 2 8 Men, No Data on Women 3 9 Women, No Data on Men 156 NA NA v1605. Children Tend Fires { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=14; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 3 Boys and Girls Equal 3 4 Girls Predominant 4 5 Girls Only 3 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 3 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 172 NA NA v1606. Children under 6 Tend Fires { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=0; Number of unique values=0 Freq Value Description 186 NA NA v1607. Children 6 to 10 Tend Fires { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=7; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 4 2 Girls this age 2 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 179 NA NA v1608. Children over 10 Tend Fires { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=8; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 1 Boys this age 4 2 Girls this age 2 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 178 NA NA v1609. Children Tend Fires Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=4; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 4 2 No, Children do not do this 182 NA NA v1610. Children Tend Fires along with Other Children { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=4; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 1 1 Yes, Children do this 3 2 No, Children do not do this 182 NA NA v1611. Children Tend Fires with Adults { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=4; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 4 1 Yes, Children do this 182 NA NA v1612. Importance of Boy Tending Fires { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=5; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 2 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 181 NA NA v1613. Importance of Girl Tending Fires { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=8; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 8 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 178 NA NA v1614. Adult Preference in Tending Fires Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=19; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 18 1 Common or important adult task 1 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 167 NA NA v1615. Adults Gather Fuel { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 5 2 Men Predominant 2 3 Men and Women Equal 13 4 Women Predominant 27 5 Women Only 1 8 Men, No Data on Women 3 9 Women, No Data on Men 135 NA NA v1616. Children Gather Fuel { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 2 1 Boys Only 4 2 Boys Predominant 5 3 Boys and Girls Equal 6 4 Girls Predominant 21 5 Girls Only 7 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 2 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 138 NA NA v1617. Children under 6 Gather Fuel { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=6; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 1 Boys this age 2 2 Girls this age 2 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 180 NA NA v1618. Children 6 to 10 Gather Fuel { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=22; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 9 2 Girls this age 8 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 5 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 3 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 164 NA NA v1619. Children over 10 Gather Fuel { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=22; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Boys this age 10 2 Girls this age 7 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 3 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 164 NA NA v1620. Children Gather Fuel Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=13; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 1 Yes, Children do this 10 2 No, Children do not do this 173 NA NA v1621. Children Gather Fuel with Children { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=14; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 4 1 Yes, Children do this 10 2 No, Children do not do this 172 NA NA v1622. Children Gather Fuel with Adults { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=13; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 13 1 Yes, Children do this 173 NA NA v1623. Importance of Boy Gathering Fuel { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=14; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 10 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 4 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 172 NA NA v1624. Importance of Girl Gathering Fuel { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=28; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 1 The most important task for Girls 26 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys 158 NA NA v1625. Adult Preference Fuel Gathering { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 36 1 Common or important adult task 3 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 2 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 145 NA NA v1626. Adults Carry Burdens { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 1 0 Activity not present 2 1 Men Only 5 2 Men Predominant 9 3 Men and Women Equal 15 4 Women Predominant 7 5 Women Only 2 8 Men, No Data on Women 10 9 Women, No Data on Men 135 NA NA v1627. Children Carry Burdens { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=25; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 0 Activity not present 1 1 Boys Only 1 2 Boys Predominant 6 3 Boys and Girls Equal 3 4 Girls Predominant 5 5 Girls Only 1 6 Not a Childs Task 4 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 2 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 161 NA NA v1628. Children under 6 Carry Burdens { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=4; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 0 Children this age do not do task 1 3 Boys and Girls this age 2 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 182 NA NA v1629. Children 6 to 10 Carry Burdens { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=5; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 0 Children this age do not do task 3 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 181 NA NA v1630. Children over 10 Carry Burdens { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=9; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 2 2 Girls this age 3 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 1 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 177 NA NA v1631. Children Carry Burdens Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=6; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 4 2 No, Children do not do this 180 NA NA v1632. Children Carry Burdens along with Other Children { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=6; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 0 Activity not present 2 1 Yes, Children do this 3 2 No, Children do not do this 180 NA NA v1633. Children Carry Burdens with Adults { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=6; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 1 0 Activity not present 5 1 Yes, Children do this 180 NA NA v1634. Importance of Boy Carrying Burdens { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=6; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 0 Boys do not do this task 4 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 1 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 180 NA NA v1635. Importance of Girl Carrying Burdens { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=12; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 1 0 Girls do not do this task 11 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 174 NA NA v1636. Adult Preference in Carrying Burdens { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=28; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 26 1 Common or important adult task 1 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 158 NA NA v1637. Adults Carry Water { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 0 Activity not present 1 2 Men Predominant 2 3 Men and Women Equal 5 4 Women Predominant 39 5 Women Only 2 9 Women, No Data on Men 135 NA NA v1638. Children Carry Water { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=49; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 2 0 Activity not present 1 1 Boys Only 3 3 Boys and Girls Equal 10 4 Girls Predominant 26 5 Girls Only 5 7 Child Task, no Data on Sex 1 8 Boys, No Data on Girls 1 9 Girls, No Data on Boys 137 NA NA v1639. Children under 6 Carry Water { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=6; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 2 0 Children this age do not do task 4 2 Girls this age 180 NA NA v1640. Children 6 to 10 Carry Water { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=30; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 0 Children this age do not do task 16 2 Girls this age 9 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 2 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 156 NA NA v1641. Children over 10 Carry Water Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=32; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 2 0 Children this age do not do task 1 1 Boys this age 20 2 Girls this age 6 3 Boys and Girls this age 1 6 Boys this age, No Data on Girls 2 7 Girls this age, No Data on Boys 154 NA NA v1642. Children Carry Water Alone { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=14; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 0 Activity not present 1 1 Yes, Children do this 11 2 No, Children do not do this 172 NA NA v1643. Children Carry Water along with Other Children { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=15; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 0 Activity not present 8 1 Yes, Children do this 5 2 No, Children do not do this 171 NA NA v1644. Children Carry Water with Adults { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=14; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 0 Activity not present 9 1 Yes, Children do this 3 2 No, Children do not do this 172 NA NA v1645. Importance of Boy Carrying Water { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=14; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 0 Boys do not do this task 7 2 Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important 5 3 Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls 172 NA NA v1646. Importance of Girl Carrying Water { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=31; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 0 Girls do not do this task 2 1 The most important task for Girls 27 2 Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important 155 NA NA v1647. Adult Preference in Carrying Water { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 2 0 None (e.g.,Activity not present) 31 1 Common or important adult task 4 2 Not preferred by adults, considered childs task 1 3 Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent 148 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Ember, Carol R. and Melvin Ember. 1992. Codebook for "Warfare, Aggression, and Resource Problems: Cross-Cultural Codes". Behavior Science Research; Vol 26: ----------------------------------------------------------- v1648. Overall Frequency of Warfare (Resolved Rating) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=18 Freq Value Description 39 1 Warfare seems to be absent or rare (original code 1) 2 2 original code 1.25 5 3 original code 1.5 1 4 original code 1.625 2 5 original code 1.75 9 6 Warfare seems to occur once every 3 to 10 years (original code 2) 3 7 original code 2.25 6 8 original code 2.5 4 9 original code 2.75 4 10 Warfare seems to occur at least once every 2 years (original code 3) 4 11 original code 3.25 9 12 original code 3.5 5 13 original code 3.75 5 14 Warfare seems to occur every year, but usually only during a particular season (original code 4) 1 15 original code 4.25 12 16 original code 4.5 5 17 original code 4.75 44 18 Warfare seems to occur almost constantly and at any time of the year (original code 5) 26 NA NA v1649. Frequency of Internal Warfare (Resolved Rating) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=152; Number of unique values=17 Freq Value Description 60 1 Internal warfare seems to be absent or rare (original code 1) 4 2 original code 1.25 5 3 original code 1.5 4 4 original code 1.75 7 5 Internal warfare seems to occur once every 3 to 10 years (original code 2) 3 6 original code 2.25 5 7 original code 2.5 2 8 original code 2.75 4 9 Internal warfare seems to occur once every 2 years (original code 3) 3 10 original code 3.25 6 11 original code 3.5 2 12 original code 3.75 8 13 Internal warfare seems to occur every year, but usually only during a particular season (original code 4) 1 14 original code 4.25 10 15 original code 4.5 1 16 original code 4.75 27 17 Internal warfare seems to occur almost constantly and at any time of the year (original code 5) 34 NA NA v1650. Frequency of External Warfare (Resolved Rating) { The original code contained values 1 through 5 and was used in a number of published studies (Ember and Ember 1992b; Ember et al. 1992; Ember and Ember 1994). The code was subsequently revised to values between 1 and 17 by Carol Ember, Melvin Ember, and J. Patrick Gray (Carol Ember, personal communication to Anthon Eff). } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=154; Number of unique values=17 Freq Value Description 52 1 External warfare seems to be absent or rare (original code 1) 2 2 original code 1.25 8 3 original code 1.5 1 4 original code 1.75 10 5 External warfare seems to occur once every 3 to 10 years (original code 2) 3 6 original code 2.25 7 7 original code 2.5 2 8 original code 2.75 6 9 External warfare seems to occur at least once every two years (original code 3) 3 10 original code 3.25 3 11 original code 3.5 3 12 original code 3.75 5 13 External warfare seems to occur every year, but usually only during a particular season (original code 4) 1 14 original code 4.25 7 15 original code 4.5 4 16 original code 4.75 37 17 External warfare seems to occur almost constantly and at any time of the year (original code 5) 32 NA NA v1651. Reliability of Overall Warfare Ratings { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 11 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in for reasons) 80 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 21 2 The different coders are not more than .5 point apart on the original scale 24 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 1 4 One of the first two coders says dont know and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 11 5 The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale, but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy on frequency (greater than or equal to once every two years vs. less often) that we have used in previous studies of warfare 2 6 One coder says dont know and the two others would have received a reliability score of 5 if they had been the only raters 31 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart and do not meet the condition mentioned in reliability score 5 5 8 One rater says dont know and does not meet the conditions specified in reliability scores 4 or 6 v1652. Reliability of Internal Warfare Ratings { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 12 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in for reasons) 84 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 11 2 The different coders are not more than .5 point apart on the original scale 19 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 7 4 One of the first two coders says dont know and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 6 5 The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale, but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy on frequency (greater than or equal to once every two years vs. less often) that we have used in previous studies of warfare 2 6 One coder says dont know and the two others would have received a reliability score of 5 if they had been the only raters 35 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart and do not meet the condition mentioned in reliability score 5 10 8 One rater says dont know and does not meet the conditions specified in reliability scores 4 or 6 v1653. Reliability of External Warfare Ratings { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 14 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 84 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 13 2 The different coders are not more than .5 point apart 20 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart 4 4 One of the first two coders says dont know and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 11 5 The coders are more than 1 point apart, but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy on frequency (greater than or equal to once every two years vs. less often) that we have used in previous studies of warfare 3 6 One coder says dont know and the two others would have received a reliability score of 5 if they had been the only raters 23 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart and do not meet the condition mentioned in reliability score 5 14 8 One rater says dont know and does not meet the conditions specified in reliability scores 4 or 6 v1654. Pacification Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=154; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 73 1 Not pacified for all or part of the twenty-five-year time period (as reported by ethnographer) 41 2 Inferred to be unpacified because warfare frequency is greater than or equal to 3 9 3 Not completely pacified: some indication that warfare has decreased because of pacification attempts 28 4 Pacified before the twenty-five-year ethnographic present 3 6 The culture is part of a state society; since the culture is not independent, pacification cannot be judged 32 NA NA v1655. Outcomes regarding Land in Internal Warfare { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=70; Number of unique values=12 Freq Value Description 27 1 The defeated are never driven from their territory (original code 1) 1 2 original code 1.25 2 3 original code 1.5 4 4 The defeated are sometimes driven from their territory, and the victorious rarely use the land of the defeated (original code 2) 3 5 original code 2.5 16 6 The defeated are sometimes driven from their territory, and the victorious sometimes use the land of the defeated (original code 3) 1 7 original code 3.75 2 8 The defeated are usually driven from their territory, and the victorious sometimes use the land of the defeated (original code 4) 1 9 original code 4.5 1 10 original code 4.75 10 11 The defeated are usually driven from their territory, and the victorious usually use the land of the defeated (original code 5) 2 12 Land is taken, but apparently not used (original code 7) 116 NA NA v1656. Outcomes regarding Land in External Warfare { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=71; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 21 1 The defeated are never driven from their territory (original code 1) 2 2 original code 1.5 6 3 The defeated are sometimes driven from their territory, and the victorious rarely use the land of the defeated (original code 2) 3 4 original code 2.5 10 5 The defeated are sometimes driven from their territory, and the victorious sometimes use the land of the defeated (original code 3) 1 6 original code 3.25 2 7 original code 3.5 4 8 The defeated are usually driven from their territory, and the victorious sometimes use the land of the defeated (original code 4) 5 9 original code 4.5 17 10 The defeated are usually driven from their territory, and the victorious usually use the land of the defeated (original code 5) 115 NA NA v1657. Outcomes regarding Land in War Overall - Combined Scale Scores from Vars 1655 and 1656 { If both internal and external warfare were present, and if the coders made a resolved rating for both types of outcomes, we used the higher scale score of Vars 1655 or 1656 for the rating of Var 1657. If there was only one resolved rating (between 1 and 5 on the original scale) and the other rating was 8 ( don't know ), we used the former, but only if that score was in the high categories (3-5); if the former scale was in the low categories (1-2), the case was listed as uncodable in Var 1657. If there was only 1 resolved rating between 1 and 5, and if the other rating was 9 ( not applicable ), we used the former for Var 1657. If the case could not be coded for the above rules, or if the scores for internal and external warfare were 8 or 9, the case was scored as 0. (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=80; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 22 1 Original score 1 2 2 Original score 1.5 5 3 Original score 2 2 4 Original score 2.5 17 5 Original score 3 1 6 Original score 3.25 5 7 Original score 4 5 8 Original score 4.5 21 9 Original score 5 106 NA NA v1658. Outcomes regarding Nonland Resources in Internal Warfare { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=75; Number of unique values=12 Freq Value Description 7 1 Nonland resources are never taken from the defeated (original code 1) 1 2 original code 1.25 1 3 original code 1.75 4 4 Nonland resources are sometimes taken from the defeated (original code 2) 2 5 original code 2.25 4 6 original code 2.5 1 7 original code 2.75 3 8 Nonland resources are usually taken from the defeated (original code 3) 1 9 original code 3.25 12 10 original code 3.5 1 11 original code 3.75 38 12 Nonland resources are always taken from the defeated (original code 4) 111 NA NA v1659. Outcomes regarding Nonland Resources in External Warfare { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=83; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 2 1 Nonland resources are never taken from the defeated (original code 1) 1 2 original code 1.5 1 3 original code 1.75 1 4 Nonland resources are sometimes taken from the defeated (original code 2) 2 5 original code 2.25 4 6 original code 2.5 1 7 original code 2.75 4 8 Nonland resources are usually taken from the defeated (original code 3) 13 9 original code 3.5 5 10 original code 3.75 49 11 Nonland resources are always taken from the defeated (original code 4) 103 NA NA v1660. Outcomes regarding Nonland Resources in War Overall { Combined Scale Scores from Vars 1658 and 1659 According to the Rules following This Section: If both internal and external warfare were present, and if the coders made a resolved rating for both types of outcomes, we used the higher scale score of Var 1658 or 1659 for the rating of Var 1660. If there was only one resolved rating (between 1 and 5 on the original scale) and the other rating was 8 ( don't know ), we used the former, but only if that score was in the high categories (3-4); if the former scale was in the low categories (1-2), the case was listed as uncodable in Var 1660. If there was only 1 resolved rating between 1 and 5, and if the other rating was 9 ( not applicable ), we used the former for Var 1660. If the case could not be coded for the above rules, or if the original scores for internal and external warfare were 8 or 9, the case was scored as 0. (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=97; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 3 1 Original score 1 2 2 Original score 1.75 1 3 Original score 2 2 4 Original score 2.25 3 5 Original score 2.5 2 6 Original score 2.75 3 7 Original score 3 16 8 Original score 3.5 4 9 Original score 3.75 61 10 Original score 4 89 NA NA v1661. Reliability of Outcomes of Internal Warfare Ratings (Var. 1655) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 17 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 89 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 2 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 5 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 11 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 5 5 The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale (from 1-5), but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy between scores 2 and 3 on Var. 1655 12 6 One coder says dont know or not applicable, and the two others would have received a reliability score of 5 if they had been the only raters. Also scored as 6: one coder said dont know and the other said not applicable 7 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale and their scores are not on one side of the dichotomy mentioned in reliability score 5 38 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-5 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability scores 4 or 6 v1662. Reliability of Outcomes of External Warfare Ratings (Var. 1656) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 18 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 65 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 1 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 6 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 10 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 7 5 The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale (from 1-5), but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy between scores 2 and 3 on Var. 1656 14 6 One coder says dont know or not applicable, and the two others would have received a reliability score of 5 if they had been the only raters. Also scored as 6: one coder said dont know and the other said not applicable 16 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale and their scores are not on one side of the dichotomy mentioned in reliability score 5 49 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-5 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability scores 4 or 6 v1663. Reliability of Outcomes of Internal Warfare Ratings (Var. 1658) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 18 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in for reasons) 83 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 3 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 15 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 17 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 4 5 The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale (from 1-5), but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy between scores 1 and 2 on Var. 1658 11 6 One coder says dont know or not applicable, and the two others would have received a reliability score of 5 if they had been the only raters. Also scored as 6: one coder said dont know and the other said not applicable 4 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale and their scores are not on one side of the dichotomy mentioned in reliability score 5 31 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-5 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability scores 4 or 6 v1664. Reliability of Outcomes of External Warfare Ratings (Var. 1659) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 18 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 79 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 4 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 12 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 21 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 3 5 The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale (from 1-5), but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy between scores 1 and 2 on Var. 1659 13 6 One coder says dont know or not applicable, and the two others would have received a reliability score of 5 if they had been the only raters. Also scored as 6: one coder said dont know and the other said not applicable 36 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-5 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability scores 4 or 6 v1665. Individual Aggression - Homicide { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=121; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 45 1 Low (original code 1) 8 2 original code 1.25 10 3 original code 1.5 2 4 original code 1.75 25 5 Moderate (original code 2) 6 6 original code 2.25 7 7 original code 2.5 5 8 original code 2.75 13 9 High (original code 3) 65 NA NA v1666. Individual Aggression - Assault { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=113; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 29 1 Low (original code 1) 7 2 original code 1.25 13 3 original code 1.5 2 4 original code 1.75 20 5 Moderate (original code 2) 4 6 original code 2.25 7 7 original code 2.5 6 8 original code 2.75 25 9 High (original code 3) 73 NA NA v1667. Individual Aggression - Theft { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=112; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 37 1 Low (original code 1) 4 2 original code 1.25 14 3 original code 1.5 2 4 original code 1.75 21 5 Moderate (original code 2) 1 6 original code 2.25 8 7 original code 2.5 2 8 original code 2.75 23 9 High (original code 3) 74 NA NA v1668. Individual Aggression - Trespass { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=54; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 21 1 Low (original code 1) 1 2 original code 1.25 9 3 original code 1.5 1 4 original code 1.75 10 5 Moderate (original code 2) 2 7 original code 2.5 1 8 original code 2.75 9 9 High (original code 3) 132 NA NA v1669. Individual Aggression - Suicide (Resolved Ratings) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 46 1 Low (original code 1) 1 2 original code 1.25 5 3 original code 1.5 3 4 original code 1.75 19 5 Moderate (original code 2) 7 7 original code 2.5 6 9 High (original code 3) 99 NA NA v1670. Reliability of Individual Aggression Ratings-homicide (Var. 1665) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 14 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 81 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 12 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 15 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 14 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 11 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale 39 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability score 4 v1671. Reliability of Individual Aggression Ratings-assault (Var. 1666) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 14 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 81 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 17 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 26 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 9 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 9 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale 30 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability score 4 v1672. Reliability of Individual Aggression Ratings-theft (Var. 1667) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 14 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 93 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 6 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 21 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 7 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 17 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale 28 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability score 4 v1673. Reliability of Individual Aggression Ratings-trespass (Var. 1668) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 35 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 80 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 1 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 7 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 8 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 4 6 One coder says dont know or not applicable 1 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale 50 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability scores 4 or 6 v1674. Reliability of Individual Aggression Ratings-suicide (Var. 1669) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 15 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 111 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 3 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 17 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 6 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 3 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale 31 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability score 4 v1675. Socially Organized Homicide { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=67; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 23 1 Low (original code 1) 4 2 original code 1.25 5 3 original code 1.5 2 4 original code 1.75 8 5 Moderate (original code 2) 5 6 original code 2.25 6 7 original code 2.5 5 8 original code 2.75 9 9 High (original code 3) 119 NA NA v1676. Socially Organized Assault { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 13 1 Low (original code 1) 3 2 original code 1.5 5 3 Moderate (original code 2) 2 4 original code 2.25 9 5 original code 2.5 3 6 original code 2.75 11 7 High (original code 3) 140 NA NA v1677. Socially Organized Theft { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 22 1 Low (original code 1) 1 2 original code 1.75 2 3 Moderate (original code 2) 1 4 original code 2.25 3 5 original code 2.5 1 6 original code 2.75 8 7 High (original code 3) 148 NA NA v1678. Socially Organized Trespass { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=18; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 11 1 Low (original code 1) 2 2 original code 1.5 5 3 High (original code 3) 168 NA NA v1679. Reliability of Socially Organized Homicide Ratings (Var. 1675) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 70 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 43 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 8 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 7 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 12 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 7 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale 39 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability score 4 v1680. Reliability of Socially Organized Assault Ratings (Var. 1676) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 68 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 47 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 2 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 10 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 6 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 4 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale 49 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability score 4 v1681. Reliability of Socially Organized Theft Ratings (Var. 1677) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 68 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 53 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 2 2 The different coders are not more than .5 apart on the original scale 1 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart on the original scale 9 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 3 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart 50 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability score 4 v1682. Reliability of Socially Organized Trespass Ratings (Var. 1678) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 73 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 54 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 7 4 One coder says dont know or not applicable and the other two coders would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 6 6 One coder says dont know, and the other said not applicable 46 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know or not applicable, and the second one (if only two raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability scores 4 v1683. Threat of Famine (Resolved Rating) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=119; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 47 1 Low threat of famine in the 25-year time period - food is reported to be ample or adequate, with no report of famine; or famine occurred only in the past; or occasional periods of food shortage are reported, but the scare foods are reported to be replaced by other available foods; or there may be chronic hunger in the absence of the conditions immediately below (original scores 2-4) (original code 1) 1 2 original code 1.5 39 3 Moderate threat of famine - there is no reported famine during the 25-year time period, but the ethnographer states that there is an ever present threat of famine (original code 2) 21 4 Moderately high threat of famine - one famine occurred during the 25-year time period (original code 3) 2 5 original code 3.5 9 6 High - more than one famine occurred during the 25-year time period (original code 4) 67 NA NA v1684. Threat of Weather or Pest Disasters { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=114; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 29 1 Low threat of severe natural disrupters of the food supply 33 2 Moderate threat of severe natural disrupters of food supply 20 3 Moderately high threat of severe natural disrupters of food supply 32 4 High 72 NA NA v1685. Chronic Resource Problems (Resolved Ratings) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=144; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 73 1 Low or rare (original code 1) 6 2 original code 1.5 44 3 There are some hungry times during the year when people complain that they do not have enough food or enough of a particular food (original code 2) 14 4 Some members of the population usually do not have enough to eat (original code 3) 7 5 Most members of the population usually do not have enough to eat - i.e., they are chronically undernourished (original code 4) 42 NA NA v1686. Reliability of Threat of Famine Ratings (Var. 1683) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=171; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 102 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 14 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart, on the original scale and ratings do not cross the boundary between 1.0 (no problem), and some problem (1.5 and higher) on the original scale 12 4 One of the first two coders says dont know, and the other two raters would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 3 5 The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale, but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy between 1.0 and more than 1.0 on the original scale 9 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart and their scores are not on one side of the dichotomy mentioned in reliability score 5 31 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know, and the second one (if there are only two raters) is assigned a score of 1-5; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability score 4 or 6 15 NA NA v1687. Reliability of Threat of Natural and Pest Disaster Rating (Var 1684) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=171; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 99 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 1 2 The different coders are not more than .5 point apart on the original scale (except that the difference between 1.0 and 1.5 is coded as 7 because 1.5 suggests some problem, whereas 1.0 suggests no problem) 13 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart, on the original scale and ratings do not cross the boundary between 1.0 (no problem), and some problem (1.5 and higher) on the original scale 7 4 One of the first two coders says dont know, and the other two raters would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 9 5 The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale, but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy between 1.0 and more than 1.0 on the original scale 11 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale and their scores are not on one side of the dichotomy mentioned in reliability score 5 31 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know, and the second one (if there are only two raters) is assigned a score of 1-5; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability score 4 15 NA NA v1688. Reliability of Chronic Scarcity Ratings (Var. 1685) { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 12 0 No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in 78.REL for reasons) 106 1 The different coders agree perfectly (including the situation when they both said dont know) 4 2 The different coders are not more than .5 point apart on the original scale (except that the difference between 1.0 and 1.5 is coded as 7 because 1.5 suggests some problem, whereas 1.0 suggests no problem) 8 3 The different coders are not more than 1 point apart, on the original scale and ratings do not cross the boundary between 1.0 (no problem), and some problem (1.5 and higher) on the original scale 9 4 One of the first two coders says dont know, and the other two raters would have received a reliability score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters 3 5 The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale, but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy between 1.0 and more than 1.0 on the original scale 24 7 Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale and their scores are not on one side of the dichotomy mentioned in reliability score 5 20 8 One of the two or three raters says dont know, and the second one (if there are only two raters) is assigned a score of 1-5; if there are three raters, the other two do not meet the reliability conditions of reliability score 4 v1689. Sex Ratio (Males/Females 1000) : First Two Digits R: Values from 65.6 to 185.6 Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=50 Stat Value nobs 60 mean 102.982 min 65.6 max 184.6 sd 20.587 v1691. Sex Ratio Unit { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 126 0 No sex ratio calculated 30 1 The whole society 3 2 The breeding population 7 3 The district, but not known whether or not the breeding unit 9 4 The local group or community 11 8 Not sure what unit ============================================================ SOURCE: Lisa R. Ludvico. "Scarification, Pathogen Load and Biome: Cross-Cultural Codes" Unpublished codes discussed in "Symbolic or Not-So-Symbolic Wounds: The Behavioral Ecology of Human Scarification." by L. R. Ludvico and J. A. Kurland in Ethology and Sociobiology 16:155-172, 1995. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1692. Scarification 1: Males Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=145; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 7 0 no scarification 50 1 ear, nose piercing 83 2 tattooing and cicatrization 5 3 scarification includes removal of skin 41 NA NA v1693. Scarification 1: Females Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=137; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 7 0 no scarification 57 1 ear, nose piercing 72 2 tattooing and cicatrization 1 3 scarification includes removal of skin 49 NA NA v1694. General Scarification: Males Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=173; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 82 1 no scarification 11 2 ear, nose piercing 77 3 tattooing and cicatrization 3 4 scarification includes removal of skin 13 NA NA v1695. General Scarification: Females Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=171; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 73 1 no scarification 13 2 ear, nose piercing 81 3 tattooing and cicatrization 4 4 scarification includes removal of skin 15 NA NA v1696. Biome Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 20 1 tundra, taiga, boreal forest 19 2 temperate deciduous, scrub, or temperate rain forest 55 3 tropical or temperate grassland 69 4 tropical rain forest 23 5 desert v1697. Pathogen: Wound Opportunistic Typhus Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=153; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 98 1 absent or not recorded 7 2 present, no indication of severity 48 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 33 NA NA v1698. Pathogen: Wound Opportunistic Bejel Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 156 1 absent or not recorded 30 NA NA v1699. Pathogen: Wound Opportunistic Pinta Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 147 1 absent or not recorded 3 2 present, no indication of severity 7 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 29 NA NA v1700. Pathogen: Wound Opportunistic Yaws Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 99 1 absent or not recorded 24 2 present, no indication of severity 34 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 29 NA NA v1701. Pathogen: Wound Opportunistic Leprosy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 71 1 absent or not recorded 54 2 present, no indication of severity 32 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 29 NA NA v1702. Pathogen: Wound Opportunistic Leishmania Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 121 1 absent or not recorded 2 2 present, no indication of severity 34 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 29 NA NA v1703. Pathogen: Wound Opportunistic Spirochetes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 109 1 absent or not recorded 21 2 present, no indication of severity 26 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 30 NA NA v1704. Pathogen: Tick Vector Typus Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=154; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 103 1 absent or not recorded 4 2 present, no indication of severity 47 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 32 NA NA v1705. Pathogen: Tick Vector Spirochetes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 117 1 absent or not recorded 2 2 present, no indication of severity 38 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 29 NA NA v1706. Pathogen: Trypanosomas (from Ludvico Data) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 130 1 absent or not recorded 3 2 present, no indication of severity 24 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 29 NA NA v1707. Pathogen: Malaria (from Ludvico Data) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 44 1 absent or not recorded 2 2 present, no indication of severity 111 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 29 NA NA v1708. Pathogen: Schistosomes (from Ludvico Data) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 108 1 absent or not recorded 9 2 present, no indication of severity 40 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 29 NA NA v1709. Pathogen: Filariae (from Ludvico Data) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 78 1 absent or not recorded 1 2 present, no indication of severity 77 3 present and serious, widespread or endemic 30 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: William Divale, Noelle Abrams, Jennifer Barzola, Estelle Harris, and Fred- Michael Henry. 1998. Sleeping Arrangements of Children and Adolescents: SCCS Sample Codes. World Cultures 9(2):3-12. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1710. Person (S) Infants and Children Sleep With Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=105; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 28 1 mother alone 29 3 mother and father 6 4 grandparents 4 5 other siblings 26 7 entire family 12 8 alone 81 NA NA v1711. Where Adolescents Sleep Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=96; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 56 1 entire family together 11 2 separate room in parents house 5 3 outside of parents house, but near, e.g., porch 22 4 separate dwelling 2 5 other relatives 90 NA NA v1712. Sex Segregation in Sleeping Areas of Children Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=88; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 63 1 boys & girls in same room or bed 23 2 boys & girls in separate rooms or separate beds 2 3 boys & girls in separate houses 98 NA NA v1713. Sex Segregation in Sleeping Areas of Adolescents and Teens Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 33 1 boys & girls in same room or bed 31 2 boys & girls in separate rooms or separate beds 27 3 boys & girls in separate houses 95 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Lang, Hartmut. 1998. CONAN: An Electronic Code-Text Data-Base for Cross- Cultural Studies. World Cultures 9(2):13-56. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1714. First Two Digits of Focus Date Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=99; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 12 12 1 15 15 1 16 16 2 17 17 46 18 18 48 19 19 87 NA NA v1715. Second Two Digits of Focus Date Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=99; Number of unique values=49 Stat Value nobs 99 mean 50.838 min 0 max 99 sd 27.921 v1716. Primary Source of Subsistence Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 26 1 intensive agriculture 37 2 extensive agriculture 9 3 animal husbandry 11 4 fishing 9 5 hunting 8 6 gathering 1 8 wage labor 85 NA NA v1717. Secondary Source of Subsistence Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=100; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 9 2 extensive agriculture 22 3 animal husbandry 19 4 fishing 25 5 hunting 10 6 gathering 13 7 trade 2 8 wage labor 86 NA NA v1718. Sharing of Food Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 7 1 sharing of food among nuclear family 14 2 sharing of food among kin residing in local community 9 3 sharing of food among kin, not restricted to local community 4 4 sharing of food among non-kin within local community 21 5 sharing of food among all members of local community 24 6 sharing of food among groups within unit of maximal political authority or ethnic group 10 7 sharing of food among other than mentioned groups 97 NA NA v1719. Periodical Variation of Food Scarcity Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 26 1 food supply constant, no scarcity (original code 10) 20 2 periodical food scarcity (original code 20) 10 3 aperiodical food scarcity (e.g. as caused by natural disasters), no further information on frequency of occurrence (original code 30) 7 4 seldom (occurrence uncommon) (original code 31) 6 5 often (occurrence common) (original code 32) 2 6 periodical as well as aperiodical food scarcity (original code 40) 1 7 chronic food scarcity (original code 50) 19 8 food scarcity occurs, no further information on frequency (original code 60) 95 NA NA v1720. Causes of Land Shortage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=82; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 54 1 no land shortage 19 2 population pressure (caused by humans or animals) 8 3 territorial invasions 1 4 more than one of the above 104 NA NA v1721. Number of Rich People (Wealthy) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=98; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 27 1 absence of rich (original code 10) 41 2 presence of rich, no information on numbers (original code 20) 27 3 few rich (original code 21) 3 4 many rich (original code 22) 88 NA NA v1722. Sources of Wealth Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=95; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 27 0 absence of rich, variable 1717 coded 1 (original code 88) 5 1 presence of rich, no information on sources of wealth (original code 10) 4 2 acquired wealth of land (through buying or skill) (original code 11) 8 3 inheritance of land (original code 12) 6 4 acquired wealth of cattle (through buying or skill) (original code 13) 1 5 inheritance of cattle (original code 14) 7 6 acquired wealth (means of production other than cattle or land) (original code 15) 1 7 inherited wealth (means of production other than cattle or land) (original code 16) 36 8 more than one of the above (original code 177) 91 NA NA v1723. Number of Poor Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=88; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 32 1 absence of poor (original code 10) 41 2 presence of poor, no information on percentage (original code 20) 8 3 few poor (original code 21) 7 4 many poor (original code 22) 98 NA NA v1724. Number of Dispossessed Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=88; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 57 1 no dispossessed (original code 10) 15 2 presence of dispossessed, no information on percentage (original code 20) 12 3 few dispossessed (original code 21) 4 4 many dispossessed (original code 22) 98 NA NA v1725. Possibility for Peaceful Territorial Expansion Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 42 0 no need for expansion: variable 1716 coded as 1 (original code 88) 18 1 peaceful territorial expansion impossible (original code 10) 17 2 peaceful territorial expansion possible, no information on quality of land (original code 20) 7 3 access to land of good quality (original code 21) 1 4 access to land of restricted quality (original code 22) 101 NA NA v1726. Communality of Land Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=98; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 22 1 land predominantly private property 24 2 land partially communally used 52 3 communal land use rights only 88 NA NA v1727. Resource Acquisition as Motive for Violent Conflict Management Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 7 0 absence of violent conflict management (original code 88) 31 1 resource acquisition no motive 52 2 resource acquisition motive for violent conflict management 96 NA NA v1728. Rich, Poor, or Dispossessed as One Party in Violent Conflicts Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 26 0 equal distribution of resources (original code 88) 27 1 rare or never 3 2 occasional 1 3 often 1 4 permanent 128 NA NA v1729. Presence of an Overarching Political Unit { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 13 1 local community autonomous (original code 10) 2 2 local community is part of a precolonial state (original code 20) 6 3 ethnic group to which the local community belongs is politically dominant in the precolonial state (original code 21) 4 4 ethnic group to which the local community belongs occupies a politically subordinate position in the precolonial state (original code 22) 33 5 local community is part of a colonial state (original code 30) 3 6 local community is part of a postcolonial state (original code 40) 7 7 ethnic group to which the local community belongs is politically dominant in the postcolonial state (original code 41) 33 8 ethnic group to which the local community belongs occupies a politically subordinate position in the postcolonial state (original code 42) 85 NA NA v1730. Administrative Integration of Local Community within Overarching Political Unit { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=96; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 14 0 local community not part of an overarching political unit (variable 1725 coded as 1) (original code 88) 28 1 overarching political unit claims administrative hierarchy without actual execution (original code 10) 18 2 administration representative absent or only sporadically present, administrative functions are executed from outside (original code 20) 3 3 administration representative present (e.g. military, civilian administrators, school personnel) (original code 30) 24 4 same as above 4, administration representative member of the same ethnic group as local community (original code 31) 9 5 same as above 4, administration representative of different ethnic affiliation than local community (original code 32) 90 NA NA v1731. Power Participation of Local Elite within Overarching Political Unit { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 46 0 local community not part of an overarching political unit (variable 1725 coded as 1); ethnic group occupies a dominant position within overarching political unit (variable 1725 coded as 3 or 7); overarching political unit does not execute administrative functions (variable 1726 coded as 2) (original code 88) 8 1 no elite present in ethnic group of which the local community is a part 17 2 local elite does not participate in decisions of overarching political unit 20 3 local elite occupies leading positions within overarching political unit, at the local or regional level 95 NA NA v1732. Presence of Wage Labor Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 36 1 no wage labor 22 2 wage labor present, migratory labor unimportant 31 3 wage labor, mainly in the form of migratory labor 97 NA NA v1733. Market Exchange within Local Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=96; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 23 1 no market exchange (original code 10) 10 2 market exchange within local community present, no further information (original code 20) 27 3 market exchange within local community present, involving local and regional products (original code 21) 36 4 market exchange within local community present, involving local, regional, and supra-regional products (original code 22) 90 NA NA v1734. Market Exchange outside of Local Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=99; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 10 1 no market exchange outside of local community (original code 10) 5 2 market exchange outside of local community (at trading posts, market places), no further information (original code 20) 26 3 market exchange outside of local community, involving local and regional products (original code 21) 58 4 market exchange outside of local community, involving local, regional, and supra-regional products (original code 22) 87 NA NA v1735. Relationship between Production for Subsistence and Production for Market Exchange Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 68 1 production for consumption more important 25 2 production for consumption and production for market exchange of equal importance 93 NA NA v1736. Tribute, Taxation, Expropriation Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=78; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 27 1 no tribute, taxation, or expropriation (original code 10) 3 2 payment of tribute, taxation, or expropriation occur (original code 20) 3 3 corvee labor (original code 21) 15 4 money (original code 22) 6 5 mobile goods (original code 23) 24 6 more than one of the above (original code 24) 108 NA NA v1737. Extent of Burden Caused by Tribute Payments or Taxation Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=75; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 27 0 no tribute or taxation (original code 88) 4 1 sporadic taxation or request for tribute (original code 10) 3 2 the exactions are reported not to be burdensome (original code 20) 2 3 the exactions are reported to be burdensome (original code 21) 19 4 regular taxation or request for tribute (original code 30) 7 5 the exactions are reported not to be burdensome (original code 31) 13 6 the exactions are reported to be burdensome (original code 32) 111 NA NA v1738. Presence of Formal Education within Local Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 50 1 no formal education (original code 10) 6 2 formal education present (original code 20) 21 3 small fraction of local community is formally educated (original code 21) 5 4 large part of local community is formally educated (original code 22) 8 5 members of local community have a higher education (original code 23) 96 NA NA v1739. Types of Violence against Overarching Political Institution { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=81; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 24 0 no overarching political unit (variable 1729 coded as 1) (original code 88) 27 1 violent acts absent 12 2 acts of violence, in reaction against attacks by overarching political unit 18 3 active resistance, aiming at revolution 105 NA NA v1740. Levels of Political Hierarchy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 17 1 no political office (original code 10) 1 2 no political office at the head of local community, but segments of different local communities belong to supralocal non-territorially organized political unit (original code 20) 1 3 highest political office one level above smallest supralocal non-territorially organized political unit (original code 21) 3 4 highest political office two levels above smallest supralocal non-territorially organized political unit (original code 22) 33 7 highest political office at the head of local community 15 8 highest political office one level above local community (original code 31) 13 9 highest political office two levels above local community (original code 32) 10 10 highest political office three levels above local community (original code 33) 8 11 highest political office four or more levels above local community (original code 34) 85 NA NA v1741. Overarching Formal Jurisdiction within Unit of Maximal Political Authority Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=95; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 31 1 no formal jurisdiction present 6 2 highest level of formal jurisdiction below the unit of maximal political authority 58 3 highest level of formal jurisdiction at the level of maximal political authority 91 NA NA v1742. Selection of Officials at the Lowest Level of Political Hierarchy { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=96; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 51 0 no political office above the level of the local community (variable 1730 coded as 1,2, or 3 (original code 88) 25 1 selection of officials at the lowest level of political hierarchy independent of higher-ranking officials 11 2 selection of officials at the lowest level of political hierarchy within local community, but it has to be reconfirmed by higher-ranking officials 9 3 officials at the lowest level of political hierarchy are determined by higher-ranking officials 90 NA NA v1743. Sanctions Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=98; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 17 0 no formal political office present (variable 1740 coded as 1) (original code 88) 26 1 no or few means of coercion 17 2 restricted means of coercion, e.g. only for certain types of decisions 38 3 coercive means to enforce all decisions 88 NA NA v1744. Lower Level Participation in Decision Making of the Unit of Maximal Political Authority Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=95; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 17 0 no formal political office present (variable 1740 coded as 1) (original code 88) 24 1 decision making at the highest level of political authority independent of lower-ranking levels, groups, or individuals 21 2 decisions at the highest level of political authority are made after consultation with representatives of lower-ranking levels, groups, or individuals 33 3 lower-ranking individuals or group representatives fully participate in decision making at the highest level of political authority, they are members of the decision making body 91 NA NA v1745. Religio-political Overlap { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 17 0 no formal political office present (variable 1740 coded as 1) (original code 88) 18 1 religious specialists have no influence on decision making at the level of maximal political authority 19 2 religious specialists participate in decision making at the level of maximal political authority 36 3 officials at the level of maximal political authority are at the same time religious specialists 96 NA NA v1746. Sources of Legitimation of Power { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=100; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 17 0 no formal political office present (variable 1740 coded as 1) (original code 88) 8 3 office holder belongs to privileged descent group 7 4 office holder elected by the represented group 3 5 office holder elected by subordinate authorities 6 8 office inherited 3 9 seniority 1 10 office holder installed by overarching administration, e.g. colonial power 1 11 other sources of legitimation 54 12 multiple sources of legitimation; more than one of the above (original code 77) 86 NA NA v1747. Frequency of External Warfare: Unit of Maximal Political Authority Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 17 0 no formal political office present (variable 1740 coded as 1) (original code 88) 13 1 rare or never 15 2 occasional 27 3 often 19 4 permanent 95 NA NA v1748. Frequency of Internal Warfare; i.e. between Local Communities within Unit of Maximal Political Authority Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 51 0 no political office above the level of the local community (variable 1740 coded as 1, 2, or 7) (original code 88) 15 1 rare or never 11 2 occasional 11 3 often 2 4 permanent 96 NA NA v1749. Frequency of Internal Warfare Involving Non-territorially Organized Groups within Unit of Maximal Political Authority Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=90; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 51 0 no political office above the level of the local community (variable 1740 coded as 1, 2, or 7) (original code 88) 20 1 rare or never 9 2 occasional 7 3 often 3 4 permanent 96 NA NA v1750. Frequency of Violent Conflict between Groups within Local Communities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=72; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 51 1 rare or never 12 2 occasional 7 3 often 2 4 permanent 114 NA NA v1751. Social Stratification Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=96; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 17 1 no differences in access to economic resources, political power, and/or status 45 2 differences in access to economic resources, political power, and/or status, not resulting in class formation 17 3 two classes 17 4 complex stratification into more than two classes 90 NA NA v1752. Groom's Dependency on Relatives for Marriage Transactions Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=96; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 10 1 no marriage transactions 5 2 marriage transactions, but not by the groom or his kin 26 3 groom is able to procure the necessary goods for marriage transactions or else can provide alternatives as e.g., bride service 27 4 groom depends on the help of father or another single relative of the father for marriage transaction 15 5 groom depends on the help of father or a relative of the father and additional paternal relatives 13 6 groom depends on help of non-paternal or not exclusively paternal relatives to provide for marriage transaction 90 NA NA v1753. Depth of Unilineal Descent { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=96; Number of unique values=24 Freq Value Description 22 1 patrilineal descent, no information on genealogical depth (original code 1000) 2 2 patrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 002 (original code 1002) 4 3 patrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 003 (original code 1003) 6 4 patrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 004 (original code 1004) 4 5 patrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 005 (original code 1005) 1 6 patrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 006 (original code 1006) 1 7 patrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 008 (original code 1008) 2 8 patrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 009 (original code 1009) 1 9 patrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 011 (original code 1011) 1 10 patrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 015 (original code 1015) 1 11 patrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 030 (original code 1030) 14 12 matrilineal descent, no information on genealogical depth (original code 2000) 1 13 matrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 002 (original code 2002) 1 14 matrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 003 (original code 2003) 1 15 matrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 004 (original code 2004) 2 16 matrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 006 (original code 2006) 1 17 matrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 007 (original code 2007) 1 18 matrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 009 (original code 2009) 1 19 matrilineal descent, genealogical depth is 011 (original code 2011) 1 20 double descent, genealogical depth is 002 (original code 3002) 2 21 double descent, genealogical depth is 003 (original code 3003) 1 22 double descent, genealogical depth is 004 (original code 3004) 1 23 double descent, genealogical depth is 005 (original code 3005) 24 24 no unilineal descent (original code 4000) 90 NA NA v1754. Size of Maximal Effective Kin Group Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 34 1 absent 59 2 present 93 NA NA v1755. Local Distribution of Maximal Effective Kin Group { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 34 0 does not apply, variable 1754 coded as 1 (original code 88) 18 1 maximal effective kin group forms part of local community 12 2 maximal effective kin group congruent with local community, no subgroups discernible 3 3 maximal effective kin group congruent with local community, with spatially segregated subgroups (e.g. wards) 7 4 maximal effective kin group covers a bounded territory including a number of local communities, which form segments of the maximal effective kin group 2 5 maximal effective kin group is dispersed among several local communities, located in the same territory as local communities inhabited by other effective kin groups 17 6 segments of maximal effective kin groups coreside with segments of other maximal effective kin groups in several local communities 93 NA NA v1756. Size of Local Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=78; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 17 1 between 10 and 50 18 2 between 51 and 100 6 3 between 101 and 150 12 4 between 151 and 200 5 5 between 201 and 250 3 6 between 251 and 300 6 7 between 301 and 500 4 8 between 501 and 1000 7 9 greater than 1001 108 NA NA v1757. Frequency of Violent Conflict Involving at Least One Maximal Effective Kin Group { (Codes Not Ordered) } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 34 0 does not apply, variable 1754 coded as 1 (original code 88) 12 1 rare or never 16 2 occasional 18 3 often 5 4 permanent 101 NA NA v1758. Frequency of Violent Conflict Involving at Least One Local Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 25 1 rare or never 21 2 occasional 30 3 often 13 4 permanent 97 NA NA v1759. Affection during Early Childhood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=71; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 children often experience emotional rejection; no further information about loving affection (original code 10) 6 2 children receive noticeably more emotional rejection than loving affection (original code 11) 8 3 children receive emotional rejection and loving affection to the same degree (original code 20) 45 4 children often experience loving affection; no further information about emotional rejection (original code 30) 11 5 children receive noticeably more loving affection than emotional rejection (original code 31) 115 NA NA v1760. Frequency of Interactions between Boys (Early Childhood) and Male Adults Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=79; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 12 1 boys have almost no contact with adult males 24 2 even though boys have contact with adult males, they have more contact with adult females 26 3 contact with male and female adults is about the same 17 4 boys have noticeably more contact with male than female adults 107 NA NA v1761. Inculcation of Children's Trust in Other Persons Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=25; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 8 1 inculcation of mistrust and fear in children; the socializing agents scare the children by pretending to harm them, or by instilling of fear by reference to potentially harmful persons, groups, or supernatural beings. 10 2 Childrens mistrust is restricted to a certain group of persons. Instilling of fear by certain persons or warning of potential threat occurs rarely. 7 3 inculcation of trust in children; the socializing agents never scare children or warn them of distant persons or groups. 161 NA NA v1762. Positive Reinforcement of Children's Willingness to Share, Give, and Help (Generosity) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=31; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 3 1 generosity is rarely fostered; the children rarely exhibit willingness to share, give, or help. This behavior rarely causes punishment. 10 2 generosity is moderately fostered; the children show willingness to share, give, or help. A lack of this behavior causes punishment or admonishment. 18 3 generosity is strongly fostered; other adults and children frequently request the children to share, give, and help. 155 NA NA v1763. Emphasis on Honesty Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 2 1 honesty is not furthered. (Dishonesty is generally accepted.) 2 2 honesty is rarely furthered. (Dishonest behavior is only accepted towards a specific group of persons.) 9 3 honesty is furthered 34 4 honesty is explicitly furthered. (Dishonest behavior of children is the cause for punishment and reprimands.) 139 NA NA v1764. Reaction of Socializing Agents towards Violent Behavior of Boys in Late Childhood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 14 1 violence of children is generally objected (original code 10) 4 2 violence of children is tolerated (socializing agents only interfere when there is danger of serious injuries); no data on restriction of violence to specific group of persons(original code 20) 13 3 violence of children is tolerated only towards specific group of persons (original code 21) 3 4 violence of children is tolerated regardless of group of persons (original code 16 5 violence of children is explicitly encouraged; no data on restriction to specific group of persons (original code 30) 2 6 violence of children is explicitly encouraged only towards specific group of persons (original code 31) 1 7 violence of children is explicitly encouraged regardless of group of persons (original code 32) 133 NA NA v1765. Emphasis on Courage of Boys in Late Childhood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 5 1 courage is not emphasized; children are protected from harm which may be caused by scary situations, cold, and physical injuries 11 2 courage is mildly emphasized; children are not protected from potentially dangerous situations; the expression of fear and pain is tolerated 23 3 courage is strongly emphasized; children are expected to tolerate pain and overcome fear in dangerous situations; the expression of fear and pain is not tolerated 147 NA NA v1766. Corporal Punishment of Boys in Late Childhood Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=79; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 32 1 children are not punished physically, corporal punishment as a means of education is rejected (original code 10) 10 2 children are punished physically; no information on frequency of occurrence (original code 20) 27 3 children are rarely punished physically for only certain types of misbehavior (original code 21) 10 4 children are often punished physically for almost any type of misbehavior (original code 22) 107 NA NA v1767. Ideology of Male Superiority Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=82; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 47 1 no ideology of male superiority 8 2 weakly articulated ideology of male superiority 27 3 strongly articulated ideology of male superiority (it is the basic determinant of gender relations) 104 NA NA v1768. Attitude towards Physical Violence against Members of Local Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=68; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 51 1 physical violence within local community is rejected 13 2 physical violence within local community is tolerated or accepted 4 3 physical violence within local community is appreciated 118 NA NA v1769. Attitude towards Physical Violence against Members of Same Ethnic Group, Not Restricted to Local Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=62; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 31 1 physical violence within ethnic group is rejected 21 2 physical violence within ethnic group is tolerated or accepted 10 3 physical violence within ethnic group is appreciated 124 NA NA v1770. Attitude towards Physical Violence against Members of Other Ethnic Groups Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 0 no contact with other ethnic groups (original code 88) 5 1 physical violence outside of ethnic group is rejected (original code 10) 3 2 physical violence outside of ethnic group is rejected because of military inferiority or cowardice (original code 11) 5 3 physical violence is tolerated or accepted - specification of the enemies is absent (original code 20) 1 4 physical violence is tolerated or accepted - but not against the majority of other ethnic groups (original code 21) 5 5 physical violence is tolerated or accepted against the majority of other ethnic groups (original code 22) 14 6 physical violence is appreciated - no further specification against whom (original code 30) 3 7 physical violence is appreciated - but not against the majority of other ethnic groups (original code 31) 4 8 physical violence is appreciated against the majority of other ethnic groups (original code 32) 145 NA NA v1771. Loyalty within Ethnic Group Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 41 1 low 18 2 middle 27 3 high 100 NA NA v1772. Hostility towards Other Ethnic Groups Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=73; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 0 no contact with other ethnic groups (original code 88) 8 1 no or negligible hostility (original code 10) 6 2 weak degree of hostility (original code 20) 14 3 moderate degree of hostility (original code 30) 9 4 moderate degree of hostility, only directed against some other ethnic groups (original code 31) 8 5 moderate degree of hostility; directed against almost all other ethnic groups (original code 32) 2 6 high degree of hostility (original code 40) 9 7 high degree of hostility; only directed against some other ethnic groups (original code 41) 16 8 high degree of hostility; directed against almost all other ethnic groups (original code 42) 113 NA NA v1773. Prestige of Warriors Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=75; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 12 0 no warriors (original code 88) 9 1 low prestige, warriors receive no special recognition (original code 10) 13 2 middle to high prestige; warriors have a good reputation, no data on other sources of reputation (original code 20) 12 3 medium prestige of warriors, other sources of reputation are valued higher (original code 21) 15 4 high prestige of warriors, other equally valued sources of reputation exist (original code 22) 14 5 very high prestige, to gain prestige as a warrior is of special importance for every man (original code 24) 111 NA NA v1774. Revenge Related Norms Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=80; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 15 1 revenge taking is forbidden (original code 10) 17 2 taking of revenge is neither forbidden nor prescribed (original code 20) 18 3 taking of revenge is prescribed but compensation by payment equally valued (original code 21) 16 4 taking of revenge is prescribed (original code 30) 14 5 taking of revenge is prescribed, retaliation is allowed only against the culprit (original code 31) 106 NA NA v1775. Reglementation of Intraethnic Violence Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=66; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 23 0 no intraethnic violence (variable 1776 coded as 1) (original code 88) 10 1 no reglementation 25 2 moderate reglementation 8 3 highly reglemented or ritualized 120 NA NA v1776. Frequency of Intraethnic Violence Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 23 1 rare or never 28 2 occasional 29 3 often 13 4 permanent 93 NA NA v1777. Intensity of Intraethnic Violence Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=70; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 22 0 no intraethnic violence (variable 1776 coded as 1) (original code 88) 30 1 low; when violence occurs, only occasional victims 12 2 moderate; when violence occurs many victims, ca. one half of one of the parties in conflict is killed 6 3 high; one of the parties in conflict is nearly extinguished 116 NA NA v1778. Frequency of Interethnic Violence/Attacking Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=89; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 4 0 no contact with other ethnic groups (original code 88) 26 1 rare or never 20 2 occasional 24 3 often 15 4 permanent 97 NA NA v1779. Weapons Used in Warfare Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=80; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 18 1 projectiles 4 2 shock weapons 58 3 both 106 NA NA v1780. Defensive (Protective) Weapons Used in Warfare Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=60; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 21 1 no protective weapons 6 2 body armor 26 3 shields 7 4 both 126 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: William Divale and Albert Seda. 1999. Codes on Gossip for Societies in the Standard Sample. World Cultures 10(1):7-22. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1781. Gossip on Adultery Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 96 0 absent 13 1 present for males only 24 2 present for both sexes 2 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1782. Gossip on Boasting Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 102 0 absent 25 1 present for males only 7 2 present for both sexes 1 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1783. Gossip on Bride Price Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 115 0 absent 9 1 present for males only 11 2 present for both sexes 51 NA NA v1784. Gossip on Cattle/Livestock Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 116 0 absent 11 1 present for males only 8 2 present for both sexes 51 NA NA v1785. Gossip on Dowry Payments Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 131 0 absent 2 1 present for males only 2 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1786. Gossip on Drinking Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 107 0 absent 17 1 present for males only 8 2 present for both sexes 3 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1787. Gossip on Family Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 49 0 absent 25 1 present for males only 53 2 present for both sexes 8 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1788. Gossip on Farming Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 113 0 absent 11 1 present for males only 11 2 present for both sexes 51 NA NA v1789. Gossip on Government/Colonial Affairs Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 85 0 absent 27 1 present for males only 21 2 present for both sexes 2 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1790. Gossip on Hunting Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 100 0 absent 29 1 present for males only 5 2 present for both sexes 1 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1791. Gossip on Inheritance Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 122 0 absent 7 1 present for males only 6 2 present for both sexes 51 NA NA v1792. Gossip on Laziness Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 106 0 absent 12 1 present for males only 13 2 present for both sexes 4 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1793. Gossip on Men Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 50 0 absent 48 1 present for males only 27 2 present for both sexes 10 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1794. Gossip on Murder/Assault Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 87 0 absent 27 1 present for males only 20 2 present for both sexes 1 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1795. Gossip on Neighbors Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 86 0 absent 12 1 present for males only 35 2 present for both sexes 2 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1796. Gossip on Politics Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 84 0 absent 26 1 present for males only 25 2 present for both sexes 51 NA NA v1797. Gossip on Scandal Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 73 0 absent 18 1 present for males only 41 2 present for both sexes 3 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1798. Gossip on Sex/Sexual Joking Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 83 0 absent 17 1 present for males only 28 2 present for both sexes 7 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1799. Gossip on Social Control Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 23 0 absent 45 1 present for males only 59 2 present for both sexes 8 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1800. Gossip on Socializing/News Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 40 0 absent 26 1 present for males only 59 2 present for both sexes 10 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1801. Gossip on Wife Beating Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 117 0 absent 6 1 present for males only 10 2 present for both sexes 2 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1802. Gossip on Women Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 61 0 absent 18 1 present for males only 31 2 present for both sexes 25 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1803. Gossip on Marriage Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 126 0 absent 2 1 present for males only 5 2 present for both sexes 2 3 present for females only 51 NA NA v1804. Gossip on Religion Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 131 0 absent 2 1 present for males only 2 2 present for both sexes 51 NA NA v1805. Importance of Gossip Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 6 0 absent 9 1 scale step 1: not important 2 1.5 1.5 15 2 scale step 2 3 2.5 2.5 37 3 scale step 3 10 3.5 3.5 36 4 scale step 4 1 4.5 4.5 16 5 scale step 5: very important 51 NA NA Gossip Factor Scales (See Divale and Seda paper with Gossip Codes for rationale). Factor analysis of Gossip variables produced eight factors with gossip variables that had loadings of .50 or higher. Scales were then produced by summing those variables with loadings of .5 or higher on the factor. Thus 1805.1 is a News & General Gossip Scale, which is the sum of the following gossip topics: Gossip about Men, Neighbors, Socializing and News, and Women). v1805.1. Fact_1 News & General Gossip Scale (sum of Men, Neighbors, Socializing & News, And Women Gossip) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value 20 0 21 1 31 2 32 3 31 4 51 NA v1805.2. Fact_2 Political Gossip Scale (sum of Family, Govt., Political Gossip) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value 37 0 39 1 29 2 30 3 51 NA v1805.3. Fact_3 Machismo Gossip Scale (sum of Boasting, Hunting, Laziness, Wife Beating Gossip) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value 67 0 38 1 17 2 9 3 4 4 51 NA v1805.4. Fact_4 Sex & Scandals Scale (sum of Adultery And Scandal Gossip) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 64 0 41 1 30 2 51 NA v1805.5. Fact_5 Drinking & Murder Scale (sum of Drinking, Murder And Assault Gossip) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 77 0 40 1 18 2 51 NA v1805.6. Fact_6 Marriage Payments Gossip Scale (sum of Bride Price And Dowry Gossip) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 114 0 18 1 3 2 51 NA v1805.7. Fact_7 Farming & Religion Gossip Scale (sum of Farming And Religious Gossip) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 111 0 22 1 2 2 51 NA v1805.8. Fact_8 Cattle & Marriage Gossip Scale (sum of Cattle And Marriage Gossip) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 110 0 22 1 3 2 51 NA ============================================================ SOURCE: William Divale and Albert Seda. 2000. Cross-Cultural Codes of Modernization World Cultures 11(2):153-170. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1806. Trade: 1.1. Changes in Trade and Trade Goods Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 27 1 no changes 87 2 changes present 21 3 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1807. Trade: 1.2. Introduction of Wage Labor and Immigrant Workers Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 67 0 no changes 67 1 changes present 1 2 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1808. Trade: 1.3. Introduction of Monetary System Such as Money Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 59 1 no changes 76 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1809. Technology: 2.1. Introduction of Foreign Goods Such as Weapons Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 66 1 no changes 69 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1810. Technology: 2.2. Minor Technological Developments Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 47 1 no changes 72 2 changes present 11 3 2 additional items present 5 4 3 additional items present 51 NA NA v1811. Technology: 2.3. Major Technological Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 96 0 no changes 35 1 changes present 4 2 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1812. Agriculture: 3.1. Agricultural Improvements, Improvement in Farming Mehods, Fertilization, Irrigation, Food Preservation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 59 1 no changes 76 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1813. Agriculture: 3.2 Changes in Agriculture and Crops Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 74 0 no changes 56 1 changes present 5 2 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1814. Agriculture: 3.3. Introduction of New Livestock Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 85 1 no changes 50 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1815. Transportation: 4.1. Mechanical Transport (Automobiles, Railroads, Buses) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 99 1 no changes 36 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1816. Transportation: 4.2. Changes and Introduction of Water Transport Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 109 1 no changes 26 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1817. Transportation: 4.3. Introduction of Roads and Highways Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=134; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 112 1 no changes 22 2 changes present 52 NA NA v1818. Government, Political and Legal System: 5.1 New Positions Such as Government Officials Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 22 1 no changes 113 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1819. Government, Political and Legal System: 5.2 Changes or Implementation of Foreign Judicial System Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 43 1 no changes 92 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1820. Government, Political and Legal System: 5.3 Political Changes, Uprising, Cargo Cults Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 94 0 no changes 35 1 changes present 6 2 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1821. Government, Political and Legal System: 5.4 Large Scale Projects Introduced by outside Agencies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=134; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 86 1 no changes 48 2 changes present 52 NA NA v1822. Family/Social Organization: 6.1 Changes in Family Structure Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 58 1 no changes 67 2 changes present 10 4 3 additional items present 51 NA NA v1823. Family/Social Organization: 6.2 Changes in Marriage Rituals, Weddings Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 60 0 no changes 69 1 changes present 6 2 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1824. Family/Social Organization: 6.3 Changes in Choice of Spouse, Mixed-marriages, Etc Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 78 1 no changes 57 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1825. Family/Social Organization: 6.4 Changes in Female Role or Status Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 73 1 no changes 62 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1826. Body Toilet, Adornment and Dress: 7.1 Changes in Body Toilets Such as Piercing, Jewelry Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 71 0 no changes 63 1 changes present 1 2 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1827. Body Toilet, Adornment and Dress: 7.2 Changes in Dress Customs Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 25 1 no changes 110 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1828. Behavior: 8.1 Introduction of Drugs Such as Tobacco, Alcohol Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 72 0 no changes 55 1 changes present 8 2 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1829. Behavior: 8.2 Changes in Food Processing Such as Cooking Methods Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 51 1 no changes 84 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1830. Information and Education: 9.1. Changes in Communication and the Arts Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 57 1 no changes 70 2 changes present 8 3 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1831. Information and Education: 9.2 Changes in Education Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 48 1 no changes 82 2 changes present 5 3 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1832. Information and Education: 9.3 Introduction of Contact Languages, Foreign Words, Vocabulary Distortion, Pidgin Languages Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 50 1 no changes 75 2 changes present 10 3 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1833. Health: 10.1 Introduction of Foreign Medical Practices, Hospitals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 68 0 no changes 61 1 changes present 6 2 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1834. Health: 10.2 Introduction of Foreign Diseases Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 84 1 no changes 51 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1835. Health: 10.3 Changes in Sanitation Methods Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 104 1 no changes 31 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1836. Religion: 11.1 Changes in Native Religion Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 53 1 no changes 82 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1837. Religion: 11.2 Introduction of Foreign Religion Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 14 1 no changes 121 2 changes present 51 NA NA v1838. Religion: 11.3 Changes in Burial Practices or Other Rituals Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 51 1 no changes 67 2 changes present 17 3 2 additional items present 51 NA NA v1839. Modernization: Sum of Agricultural Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 31 0 no changes 40 1 1 item 42 2 2 items 20 3 3 items 2 4 4 items 51 NA NA v1840. Modernization: Sum of Behavior Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 34 1 no changes 54 2 1 item 40 3 2 items 7 4 3 items 51 NA NA v1841. Modernization: Sum of Educational Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 12 0 no changes 29 1 1 item 52 2 2 items 32 3 3 items 7 4 4 items 2 5 5 items 1 6 6 items 51 NA NA v1842. Modernization: Sum of Family Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 19 0 no changes 31 1 1 item 26 2 2 items 34 3 3 items 17 4 4 items 4 5 5 items 4 6 6 items 51 NA NA v1843. Modernization: Sum of Governmental Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 13 1 no changes 23 2 1 item 41 3 2 items 39 4 3 items 17 5 4 items 2 6 5 items 51 NA NA v1844. Modernization: Sum of Religious Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 7 1 no changes 27 2 1 item 41 3 2 items 45 4 3 items 15 5 4 items 51 NA NA v1845. Modernization: Sum of Technological Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 22 0 no changes 43 1 1 item 42 2 2 items 21 3 3 items 5 4 4 items 1 5 5 items 1 6 6 items 51 NA NA v1846. Modernization: Sum of Toilet Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 15 0 no changes 66 1 1 item 53 2 2 items 1 3 3 items 51 NA NA v1847. Modernization: Sum of Trade Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 10 1 no changes 33 2 1 item 45 3 2 items 37 4 3 items 10 5 4 items 51 NA NA v1848. Modernization: Sum of Transportation Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 69 0 no changes 51 1 1 item 12 2 2 items 3 3 3 items 51 NA NA v1849. Modernization: Sum of All Changes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=135; Number of unique values=27 Stat Value nobs 135 mean 18 min 5 max 35 sd 5.707 ============================================================ SOURCE: Sissel Schroeder. 2001. Secondary Disposal of the Dead: Cross-Cultural Codes. World Cultures 12(1). ----------------------------------------------------------- v1850. Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Original Scale Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 101 1 secondary contact with the body or bones of the deceased does not occur. 5 3 secondary contact with the body or bones of the deceased is accorded only to individuals who are members of the society, but are not resident with their group of orientation at the time of death (e.g., an adult member has married and resides with his/her spouse at some distance from the group of orientation; or death occurs while the individual is on a trip away from the group of orientation). The body must be returned to the group of orientation for proper burial. Incidental to the returning process, the body decomposes and secondary disposal results. 3 4 secondary contact with the body or bones is practiced, with circumstances of death (e.g., struck by lightening, time of year) being the only determinant of whether or not it is accorded to an individual. 13 5 secondary contact with the body or bones is the preferred means of disposal for a proportion of the population, with status, age-grade, kin, or sodality associations determining if it is accorded to an individual. 38 6 secondary contact with the body or bones is the preferred means of disposal for all or nearly all adult members of the society. 2 7 other form of secondary disposal. 24 NA NA v1851. Disarticulation: Original Scale Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 92 1 disarticulation does not occur or is not recoverable archaeologically. 6 3 disarticulation of human osseous remains occurs prior to final disposal in the case of individuals who are members of the society, but are not resident with their group of orientation at the time of death. The body must be returned to the group of orientation for proper burial. Incidental to the returning process, the body decomposes and the result is a mass of disarticulated bones, which must be disposed of. 1 4 disarticulation of human osseous remains occurs prior to final disposal only in situations where circumstances of death dictate that the body be curated until a time that is propitious for final disposal. 17 5 disarticulation of human osseous remains occurs prior to final disposal in a proportion of instances, with status, age-grade, kin, or sodality associations being the determining factor. 33 6 disarticulation of human osseous remains occurs prior to final disposal in all or nearly all instances of adult deaths. 13 7 disarticulation results from scavenger activity. 24 NA NA v1852. Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Two Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 101 1 absent 23 2 present in a minority of cases 38 3 present in nearly all/all cases 24 NA NA v1853. Disarticulation: Scale Two Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 92 1 absent 37 2 present in a minority of cases 33 3 present in nearly all/all cases 24 NA NA v1854. Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Three Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 101 1 absent 61 2 present 24 NA NA v1855. Disarticulation: Scale Three Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 92 1 absent 70 2 present 24 NA NA v1856. Secondary Bone/Body Treatment: Scale Four Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 124 1 absent or in minority of cases only 38 2 present in nearly all/all cases 24 NA NA v1857. Disarticulation: Scale Four Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 129 1 absent or in minority of cases only 33 2 present in nearly all/all cases 24 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Michael L. Burton. 1999. Language and Region Codes for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. Cross-Cultural Research 33:63-83. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1858. Region (Burton 1999) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 37 1 Subsaharan Africa 32 2 Middle Old World 25 3 Southeast Asia and Insular Pacific 14 4 Sahul 15 5 North Eurasia and Circumpolar 6 6 Northwest Coast of North America 13 7 North and West of North America 28 8 Eastern Americas 13 9 Mesoamerica and Andes 3 10 Far South America v1859. Language Family (Burton 1999) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=46 First six non-missing records: society v1859 Nama Khoisan Kung Khoisan Thonga Niger-Congo Lozi Niger-Congo Mbundu Niger-Congo Suku Niger-Congo v1860. Language Subfamily 1 (Burton 1999) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=58 First six non-missing records: society v1860 Nama Khoisan- Southern Khoisan Kung Khoisan- Southern Khoisan Thonga Niger Congo- Central Lozi Niger Congo- Central Mbundu Niger Congo- Central Suku Niger Congo- Central v1861. Language Subfamily 2 (Burton 1999) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=25 Freq Value Description 106 0 Isolate or no subfamily 2 2 1 Niger Congo: Central: North Central 16 2 Niger Congo: Central: South Central 2 3 Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic 1 4 Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nubian 1 5 Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Central 2 6 Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern 4 7 Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: Central 1 8 Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: Southern 3 9 Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic 2 10 Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian 1 11 Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic 1 12 Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric 3 13 Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic 2 14 Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: North 1 15 Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East 2 16 Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: South 11 17 Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western 13 18 Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central and Eastern 1 19 Na-Dene: Athabaskan-Eyak: Eyak 4 20 Na-Dene: Athabaskan-Eyak: Athabaskan 1 21 Uto-Aztecan: Southern: Pimic 2 22 Uto-Aztecan: Southern: Corrachol-Aztecan 3 23 Tupi-Carib: Tupian: Tupi-Guarani 1 24 Tupi-Carib: Tupian: Munduruku ============================================================ SOURCE: William Divale. 1999. Climatic Instability, Food Storage, and the Development of Numerical Counting: A Cross-Cultural Study. Cross-Cultural Research 33:341-368. and William Divale. 2001. Codes on the Highest Number Counted for the Standard Sample. World Cultures 12(1):99-104. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1862. Highest Number Counted Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=93; Number of unique values=24 Freq Value Description 1 1 1 9 2 3 3 3 4 2 4 5 1 5 6 1 6 7 1 7 8 15 8 10 1 9 12 1 10 16 8 11 20 2 12 30 1 13 36 1 14 40 1 15 90 14 16 100 1 17 200 1 18 400 10 19 1000 3 20 2000 1 21 3600 1 22 4000 1 23 5000 13 24 10000 93 NA NA v1863. Confidence in Making Counting Rating Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=91; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 34 0 Not confident in making the rating 57 1 Confident in making the rating 95 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Elizabeth Cashdan. 2001. Ethnic Diversity and Its Environmental Determinants: Effects of Climate, Pathogens, and Habitat Diversity. American Anthropopologist 103(4):968-991. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1864. Concordance: Number of Societies within 100 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=13 Freq Value 98 0 32 1 14 2 11 3 8 4 9 5 4 6 2 7 1 8 1 10 1 11 1 12 1 13 3 NA v1865. Concordance: Number of Societies within 150 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=20 Freq Value 65 0 35 1 21 2 15 3 8 4 10 5 3 6 5 7 1 8 2 9 2 10 5 11 2 12 1 13 1 14 1 16 3 17 1 18 1 20 1 27 3 NA v1866. Concordance: Number of Societies within 200 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=26 Freq Value 49 0 29 1 20 2 15 3 11 4 11 5 6 6 5 7 2 8 3 9 2 10 4 11 3 12 2 13 3 14 1 15 2 16 1 17 2 19 1 21 3 24 3 25 1 26 1 28 2 29 1 38 3 NA v1867. Concordance: Number of Societies within 250 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=33 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 7.18 min 0 max 55 sd 9.558 v1868. Concordance: Number of Societies within 300 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=40 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 9.863 min 0 max 64 sd 12.492 v1869. Concordance: Number of Societies within 350 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=48 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 13 min 0 max 75 sd 16.314 v1870. Concordance: Number of Societies within 400 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=49 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 15.896 min 0 max 87 sd 19.539 v1871. Concordance: Number of Societies within 450 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=52 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 19.519 min 0 max 99 sd 23.124 v1872. Concordance: Number of Societies within 500 Mile Radius (100 Value) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=62 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 23.077 min 0 max 106 sd 26.6 v1874. Atlas: Number of Societies within 100 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=16 Freq Value 54 0 40 1 31 2 18 3 10 4 7 5 7 6 3 7 1 8 3 9 3 10 2 11 1 15 1 20 1 22 1 25 3 NA v1875. Atlas: Number of Societies within 150 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=25 Freq Value 31 0 27 1 16 2 12 3 13 4 17 5 13 6 7 7 13 8 7 9 3 10 5 11 4 12 2 13 3 14 1 15 1 17 1 18 1 22 1 23 1 24 1 28 1 34 1 38 1 48 3 NA v1876. Atlas: Number of Societies within 200 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=33 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 8.918 min 0 max 69 sd 10.348 v1877. Atlas: Number of Societies within 250 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=42 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 13.246 min 0 max 97 sd 14.363 v1878. Atlas: Number of Societies within 300 Mile Radius (100 Value) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=53 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 18.699 min 0 max 131 sd 19.117 v1880. Atlas: Number of Societies within 350 Mile Radius (100 Value) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=61 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 24.361 min 0 max 163 sd 23.967 v1882. Atlas: Number of Societies within 400 Mile Radius (100 Value) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=69 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 30.738 min 0 max 180 sd 29.641 v1884. Atlas: Number of Societies within 450 Mile Radius (100 Value) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=83 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 37.689 min 0 max 195 sd 34.793 v1886. Atlas: Number of Societies within 500 Mile Radius (100 Value) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=183; Number of unique values=95 Stat Value nobs 183 mean 45.066 min 0 max 206 sd 40.071 v1888. Number of Habitats within 100 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 17 1 1 habitat 58 2 2 habitats 54 3 3 habitats 27 4 4 habitats 16 5 5 habitats 14 NA NA v1889. Ocean within 100 Miles? Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 96 0 no 76 1 yes 14 NA NA v1890. Lake within 100 Miles? Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 163 0 no 9 1 yes 14 NA NA v1891. Number of Habitats within 150 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 6 1 1 habitat 38 2 2 habitats 59 3 3 habitats 38 4 4 habitats 25 5 5 habitats 5 6 6 habitats 1 7 7 habitats 14 NA NA v1892. Ocean within 150 Miles? Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 87 0 no 85 1 yes 14 NA NA v1893. Lake within 150 Miles? Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 161 0 no 11 1 yes 14 NA NA v1894. Number of Habitats within 200 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 2 1 1 habitat 22 2 2 habitats 48 3 3 habitats 43 4 4 habitats 35 5 5 habitats 15 6 6 habitats 7 7 7 habitats 14 NA NA v1895. Ocean within 200 Miles? Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 70 0 no 102 1 yes 14 NA NA v1896. Lake within 200 Miles? Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 156 0 no 16 1 yes 14 NA NA v1897. Number of Habitats within 250 Mile Radius Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 1 1 habitat 14 2 2 habitats 45 3 3 habitats 36 4 4 habitats 39 5 5 habitats 23 6 6 habitats 11 7 7 habitats 2 8 8 habitats 1 9 9 habitats 14 NA NA v1898. Ocean within 250 Miles? Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 66 0 no 106 1 yes 14 NA NA v1899. Lake within 250 Miles? Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 149 0 no 23 1 yes 14 NA NA v1900. Type of Site: 100 Miles Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 7 1 island 145 2 mainland 20 3 peninsula 14 NA NA v1901. Type of Site: 150 Miles Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 8 1 island 140 2 mainland 24 3 peninsula 14 NA NA v1902. Type of Site: 200 Miles Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 13 1 island 134 2 mainland 25 3 peninsula 14 NA NA v1903. Type of Site: 250 Miles Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 13 1 island 132 2 mainland 27 3 peninsula 14 NA NA v1905. Latitude Class=character; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=181 First six non-missing records: society v1905 Nama 26.50S Kung 19.50S Thonga 25.40S Lozi 17.47S Mbundu 12.5S Suku 6.10S v1907. Longitude Class=character; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=182 First six non-missing records: society v1907 Nama 17.10E Kung 18.30E Thonga 32.80E Lozi 24.30E Mbundu 16.30E Suku 18.10E v1908. Is Station within One Degree of Society? Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 30 0 no 156 1 yes v1909. Is Station within Two Degrees of Society? Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 12 0 no 174 1 yes v1910. Is Station within Three Degrees of Society? Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 0 no 183 1 yes v1911. Earliest Date Sampled Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=81 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1925.242 min 1782 max 1966 sd 27.421 v1912. Number of Years Sampled Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 2 10 10 years 1 12 12 years 1 13 13 years 1 15 15 years 2 16 16 years 2 17 17 years 1 18 18 years 5 19 19 years 171 20 20 years v1913. Mean Yearly Annual Rainfall (cm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=185 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 140.737 min 0.14 max 578.967 sd 106.021 v1914. Coefficient of Variation in Mean Annual Rainfall { Interannual Variation, i.e., around the Mean of Means of Yearly Rainfalls for N Years of Observation } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=185 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 23.527 min 9.376 max 161.225 sd 17.882 v1915. Lowest Yearly Rainfall in the N Years Sampled (cm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=182 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 95.873 min 0 max 355.8 sd 77.618 v1916. Highest Yearly Rainfall in the N Years Sampled (cm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=183 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 194.755 min 0.8 max 767.4 sd 140.03 v1917. Difference between Maxrain and Minrain (cm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=183 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 98.882 min 0.8 max 411.6 sd 71.701 ============================================================ SOURCE: Paul C. Rosenblatt, R. Patricia Walsh, and Douglas A. Jackson. Grief and Mourning in Cross-Cultural Perspective. H.R.A.F. Press. 1976. ----------------------------------------------------------- v1918. Crying Frequency Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=58; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 0 Crying is absent 1 2 2 2 6 6 8 7 7 46 8 Crying is frequent 128 NA NA v1919. Crying Duration Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=31; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 0 Less than a few minutes 3 2 2 1 8 8 2 10 10 1 11 11 8 12 12 4 14 14 1 15 15 10 16 More than a week 155 NA NA v1920. Male Crying: Frequency Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 8 0 Absent 2 1 1 1 3 3 7 5 5 4 6 6 3 7 7 9 8 Very frequent 10 9 9 8 10 Occurs always 134 NA NA v1921. Female Crying: Frequency Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 1 0 Absent 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 5 5 1 6 6 4 7 7 13 8 Very frequent 20 9 9 13 10 Occurs always 130 NA NA v1922. Attempted Self-injury: Frequency Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 20 0 Absent 2 1 1 1 2 2 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 5 5 2 6 6 2 7 7 8 8 Very frequent 142 NA NA v1923. Actual Self-injury: Frequency Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 20 0 Absent 5 1 1 4 2 2 1 3 3 3 4 4 1 6 6 2 7 7 7 8 Very frequent 143 NA NA v1924. Male Attempted Self-injury: Frequency Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=31; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 15 0 Absent 1 1 1 5 2 2 1 4 4 2 5 5 2 6 6 3 8 Very frequent 1 9 9 1 10 Occurs always 155 NA NA v1925. Female Attempted Self-injury: Frequency Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=31; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 12 0 Absent 5 2 2 2 3 3 1 4 4 1 5 5 1 6 6 3 7 7 2 8 Very frequent 3 9 9 1 10 Occurs always 155 NA NA v1926. Male Actual Self-injury: Frequency Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=29; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 14 0 Absent 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 4 4 2 5 5 2 6 6 1 7 7 2 8 Very frequent 1 9 9 1 10 Occurs always 157 NA NA v1927. Female Actual Self-injury: Frequency Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=30; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 11 0 Absent 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 3 3 1 4 4 3 5 5 1 6 6 1 7 7 3 8 Very frequent 1 9 9 1 10 Occurs always 156 NA NA v1928. Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=16; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 7 0 Both raters say it is absent 2 1 Raters disagree on presence 7 2 Both raters say it is present 170 NA NA v1929. Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=11; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 7 0 Both raters say it is absent 1 1 Raters disagree on presence 3 2 Both raters say it is present 175 NA NA v1930. Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=12; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 6 0 Both raters say it is absent 1 1 Raters disagree on presence 5 2 Both raters say it is present 174 NA NA v1931. Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=10; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 6 0 Both raters say it is absent 1 1 Raters disagree on presence 3 2 Both raters say it is present 176 NA NA v1932. Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=13; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 6 0 Both raters say it is absent 1 1 Raters disagree on presence 6 2 Both raters say it is present 173 NA NA v1933. Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=10; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 6 0 Both raters say it is absent 1 1 Raters disagree on presence 3 2 Both raters say it is present 176 NA NA v1934. Outgroup Member Institutional Target Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=15; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 5 0 Both raters say it is absent 2 1 Raters disagree on presence 8 2 Both raters say it is present 171 NA NA v1935. Presumed Killer Institutional Target Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=11; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 5 0 Both raters say it is absent 3 1 Raters disagree on presence 3 2 Both raters say it is present 175 NA NA v1936. Self Institutionalized Target Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=16; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 5 0 Both raters say it is absent 1 1 Raters disagree on presence 10 2 Both raters say it is present 170 NA NA v1937. Somebody Institutionalized Target Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 5 0 Both raters say it is absent 4 1 Raters disagree on presence 15 2 Both raters say it is present 162 NA NA v1938. Something Institutionalized Target Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=19; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 5 0 Both raters say it is absent 3 1 Raters disagree on presence 11 2 Both raters say it is present 167 NA NA v1939. Something Institutionalized Target, Not a Sacrifice Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=8; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 5 0 Both raters say it is absent 1 1 Raters disagree on presence 2 2 Both raters say it is present 178 NA NA v1940. Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=11; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 5 0 Both raters say it is absent 1 1 Raters disagree on presence 5 2 Both raters say it is present 175 NA NA v1941. Fear of Ghost Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 7 0 Absent 34 1 Present 145 NA NA v1942. Degree of Fear of Ghost Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=13 Freq Value Description 7 0 None 1 8 8 1 10 10 3 12 12 3 13 13 2 15 15 2 17 17 1 18 18 7 20 20 5 22 22 3 23 23 3 25 25 1 27 27 147 NA NA v1943. Fear of Bodies Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=20; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 12 0 Absent 8 1 Present 166 NA NA v1944. Sex Difference, Crying Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 13 2 2 6 3 3 8 4 4 8 5 5 12 6 6 1 8 8 138 NA NA v1945. Sex Difference, Attempted Self-mutilation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=17; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 5 2 2 1 3 3 3 4 4 3 5 5 2 6 6 1 8 8 1 9 9 1 10 10 169 NA NA v1946. Sex Difference, Actual Self-mutilation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=15; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 4 2 Women show much more of it than men do 3 4 4 3 5 5 2 6 Sexes are approximately equal 1 8 8 1 9 9 1 10 Men show much more of it than women do 171 NA NA v1947. Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=10; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Sexes are equal 3 2 2 2 3 3 1 4 4 3 5 Men show much more of the behavior 176 NA NA v1948. Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and including Initial Body Disposal Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 12 0 Specialists do nothing 8 1 1 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 6 5 5 3 6 6 2 7 7 2 8 8 2 9 9 141 NA NA v1949. Ritualization up to and including Initial Disposal Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=62; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 2 1 1 9 2 2 8 3 3 15 4 4 10 5 5 9 6 6 8 7 7 1 8 A very large amount 124 NA NA v1950. Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 3 1 1 1 2 2 10 3 3 10 4 4 12 5 5 11 6 6 7 7 7 2 8 A very large deal 130 NA NA v1951. Isolation of Widows Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=34; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 19 0 Absent 15 1 Present 152 NA NA v1952. Isolation of Widowers Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=32; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 21 0 Absent 11 1 Present 154 NA NA v1953. Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=27; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 24 0 Absent 3 1 Present 159 NA NA v1954. Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=27; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 24 0 Absent 3 1 Present 159 NA NA v1955. Marking of Widows Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=47; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 4 0 Absent 43 1 Present 139 NA NA v1956. Marking of Widowers Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 5 0 Absent 32 1 Present 149 NA NA v1957. Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=29; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 5 0 Absent 24 1 Present 157 NA NA v1958. Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=19; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 5 0 Absent 14 1 Present 167 NA NA v1959. Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=16; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 7 0 Absent 2 2 2 1 4 Present for at least thirty days 1 6 6 1 7 7 4 8 8 170 NA NA v1960. Ghosts Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=59; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 1 0 No 58 1 Yes 127 NA NA v1961. Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 2 0 No 7 1 maybe ? 29 2 Yes 148 NA NA v1962. Eventual Distance of Spirits Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=13 Freq Value Description 1 0 Close to survivors 1 2 2 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 7 7 4 8 8 5 10 10 3 12 12 5 13 13 6 15 15 4 17 17 2 18 18 10 20 Always away from survivors 140 NA NA v1963. Sororate Present Vs. Absent Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=18; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 2 0 Absent 16 1 Present 168 NA NA v1964. Percentage of Widow Remarrying Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=27; Number of unique values=21 Freq Value Description 1 30 15 pct 1 40 20 pct 1 55 37.5 pct 1 90 45 pct 1 95 47.5 pct 1 100 50 pct 2 105 52.5 pct 1 110 55 pct 1 120 60 pct 1 126 63 pct 1 130 65 pct 1 140 70 pct 1 150 75 pct 4 155 77.5 pct 3 160 80 pct 1 165 82.5 pct 1 170 85 pct 1 175 87.5 pct 1 180 90 pct 1 190 95 pct 1 200 100 pct 159 NA NA v1965. Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=18; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 3 0 0 pct 1 10 10 pct 1 54 54 pct 1 60 60 pct 1 62 62 pct 1 63 63 pct 1 65 65 pct 4 70 70 pct 2 73 73 pct 1 77 77 pct 2 97 97 pct 168 NA NA v1966. Levirate Present Vs. Absent Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 0 Absent 34 1 Present 149 NA NA v1967. Some Personal Objects of Deceased Are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 8 0 No 36 1 Yes 142 NA NA v1968. Amount of Useful Property Destroyed Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=62; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 13 0 None 9 2 2 9 4 4 2 5 5 11 6 6 6 7 7 9 8 8 2 10 10 1 11 11 124 NA NA v1969. Name Taboo Present Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 19 0 No taboo 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 Name taboo present and permanent 3 6 6 1 7 7 10 8 8 146 NA NA v1970. Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 35 0 No 16 1 Yes 135 NA NA v1971. Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 46 0 No 6 1 Yes 134 NA NA v1972. Name Taboo, If Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=15; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 4 0 No 11 1 Yes 171 NA NA v1973. Cleansing of Widows Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 9 0 Absent 4 2 Possibly present 13 4 Definitely present 160 NA NA v1974. Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 0 Absent 6 1 Possibly present 19 2 Definitely present 160 NA NA v1975. Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=29 Stat Value nobs 57 mean 84.667 min 8 max 325 sd 53.602 v1976. Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=25; Number of unique values=19 Freq Value Description 1 5 5 1 13 13 2 28 28 1 35 35 1 39 39 1 50 50 1 51 51 1 65 65 2 69 69 1 75 75 1 88 88 1 90 90 1 107 107 2 125 125 1 138 138 2 175 175 2 200 200 2 225 225 1 999 999 or more 161 NA NA v1977. Mourning: Duration, Widowers Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=29; Number of unique values=22 Freq Value Description 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 13 13 1 23 23 1 28 28 1 29 29 2 30 30 1 32 32 1 38 38 1 53 53 1 90 90 1 92 92 1 120 120 1 183 183 1 185 185 1 191 191 1 281 281 6 365 365 2 456 456 1 523 523 1 548 548 1 822 822 157 NA NA v1978. Mourning: Duration, Widows Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=29 Stat Value nobs 40 mean 296.575 min 2 max 913 sd 224.786 v1979. Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=14; Number of unique values=14 Freq Value Description 1 1 1 1 15 15 1 23 23 1 30 30 1 38 38 1 84 84 1 120 120 1 135 135 1 183 183 1 185 185 1 365 365 1 420 420 1 495 495 1 999 999 days or more 172 NA NA v1980. Final Ceremonies Present or Absent Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=52; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 14 0 Absent 38 1 Present 134 NA NA v1981. Series of Final Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 12 0 No 12 1 Yes 162 NA NA v1982. Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=22; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 21 0 No 1 1 Yes 164 NA NA v1983. Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=25; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 18 0 No 7 1 Yes 161 NA NA v1984. Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=21; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 6 0 No 15 1 Yes 165 NA NA v1985. Amount of Grief after End of Mourning Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=19; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 3 3 1 4 4 4 5 5 1 6 6 5 7 7 167 NA NA v1986. Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=46; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 21 0 Absent 25 1 Present 140 NA NA v1987. Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=33; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 24 0 Absent 9 1 Present 153 NA NA v1988. Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 27 0 Absent 11 1 Present 148 NA NA v1989. Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=18; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 17 0 Absent 1 1 Present 168 NA NA v1990. Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 20 0 Absent 15 1 Present 151 NA NA v1991. Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=27; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 0 Absent 24 1 Present 159 NA NA v1992. Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=10; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 6 0 Absent 4 1 Present 176 NA NA v1993. Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=19; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 6 0 Absent 13 1 Present 167 NA NA v1994. Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=9; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 5 0 Absent 4 1 Present 177 NA NA v1995. Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=18; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 6 0 Absent 12 1 Present 168 NA NA v1996. Final Ceremonies Held for More than One Death at a Time Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=15; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 10 0 No 5 1 Yes 171 NA NA v1997. Degree of Christian Influence Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=67; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 45 0 None 2 2 2 5 10 10 2 15 15 1 20 20 4 30 30 2 40 40 1 45 45 2 60 60 2 70 70 1 80 Entirely Christian 119 NA NA v1998. Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=53; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 33 0 None 2 1 1 6 2 2 3 3 3 9 4 Strong belief 133 NA NA v1999. Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=19; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 3 0 None 4 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4 6 6 6 1 7 7 3 8 High degree of that 167 NA NA v2000. Age of Marriage, Females N Is 35 Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=35; Number of unique values=26 Freq Value Description 1 8.2 8.2 1 9 9 1 11.5 11.5 1 12 12 1 12.5 12.5 2 13 13 2 13.3 13.3 1 13.5 13.5 1 13.8 13.8 1 14.2 14.2 1 14.5 14.5 1 15 15 3 15.5 15.5 1 15.8 15.8 5 16 16 1 16.2 16.2 1 16.5 16.5 1 16.7 16.7 1 17.2 17.2 1 17.3 17.3 2 17.8 17.8 1 18 18 1 18.5 18.5 1 20.3 20.3 1 20.5 20.5 1 25.3 25.3 151 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Andrey Korotayev and Daria Khaltourina. Andrey Korotayev. 2004. World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2001. Deep Islamization/Christianization (1806) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 161 1 Neither 19 2 Deep Islamization 6 3 Deep Chrisianization v2002. World Religions (1807) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 116 1 Indigenous religion 19 2 Deep Islamization 6 3 Deep Christianization 7 4 Superficial Islamization 24 5 Superficial Christianization 6 6 Mahayana Buddhism 2 7 Hinayana Buddhism 2 8 Vajrayana Buddhism 4 9 Hinduism ============================================================ SOURCE: Snarey, John R. 1996. The Natural Environment's Impact upon Religious Ethics: A Cross-Cultural Study. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 35(2):85-96. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2003. Rain Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 111 1 >40in/year 58 2 Moderate 17 3 <10in/year v2004. Terrain Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 44 1 Surface Water 37 2 Moderate 105 3 Surface H20 Scarce v2005. Water Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 126 1 Neither Rain nor Surface H2O high 60 2 Either Rain or Surface H20 high v2006. Missions Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 73 1 Premissionized 113 2 Missionized v2007. Higod4 Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 69 1 Absent 51 2 Present, inactive, unconcerned 23 3 Present, active, unconcerned with humans 43 4 Present, active, supportive of morality ============================================================ SOURCE: Karen Paige Ericksen and Heather Horton. 1992. "Blood Feuds": Cross-Cultural Variations in Kin Group Vengeance . Cross-Cultural Research 26(1-4): 57-85 ----------------------------------------------------------- v2008. Legitimacy of Kin Group Vengeance Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=168; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 38 1 Moral Imperative 14 2 Most Appropriate 18 3 Circumstantial 20 4 Last Resort 63 5 Formal Adjudication Only 15 6 Individual Self-Redress 18 NA NA v2009. Target of Kin Group Vengeance Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=160; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 77 0 Not applicable: Category 5 or 6 for Legitimacy of Kin Group Vengence 36 1 Anyone in the malefactors kin group 23 2 The malefactor if possible; otherwise, selected members of his kin group 24 3 The malefactor only 26 NA NA v2010. Internal War (Variant of Nammour 1974 Variable - 891) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=147; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 16 1 Chronic 49 2 Sporadic 82 3 Infrequent 39 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: BEYOND WAR Douglas P. Fry. 2007. Beyond War: The Human Potential for Peace. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2011. Warfare [fry_war] (Armed Conflict between Political Communities) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 167 1 Nonhunters or Warfare (Armed conflict between political communities) 19 2 No warfare (No Armed conflict between political communities) v2012. Hunters and Gatherers Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 21 1 Simple hunters (and getherers): Nomadic and egalitarian, lack ranked social hierarchies and well-defined positions of leadership and authority 14 2 Complex hunters (and getherers): Nomadism partial or lacking, and may have elaborate economic and political status differences, rank-distinctions and chiefs 151 3 Other ============================================================ SOURCE: Sanderson, Stephen K., and Wesley W. Roberts. 2008. The Evolutionary Forms of the Religious Life: A Cross-Cultural, Quantitative Analysis. American Anthropologist 110(4):454-466. 454-466. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2013. Stages of Religious Evolution Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=176; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 8 -1 Too missionized 30 1 Shamanistic 89 2 Communal 12 3 Polytheistic 37 4 Monotheistic 10 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Ralph B. Hupka and James M. Ryan. 1990. The Cultural Contribution To Jealousy: Cross-Cultural Aggression in Sexual Jealousy Situations. Cross-Cultural Research 24(1-4): 51-71. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2014. Male Jealousy: Reactions to a an Adulterous Wife Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=79; Number of unique values=20 Freq Value Description 1 5 5 6 9 9 1 10 10 1 13 13 3 14 14 1 15 15 2 16 16 11 18 18 2 20 20 2 21 21 1 23 23 3 24 24 1 26 26 6 27 27 5 28 28 1 30 30 1 31 31 9 32 32 3 34 34 19 36 36 107 NA NA v2015. Female Jealousy: Reactions to a an Adulterous Husband Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 1 8 8 10 9 9 2 15 15 17 18 18 1 23 23 1 24 24 3 27 27 1 32 32 1 34 34 3 36 36 146 NA NA v2016. Pair Bonding: Marriage Bonds Difficult to Break, Importance and Necessity of Marriage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=79; Number of unique values=24 Freq Value Description 3 2 2 1 4 4 1 6 6 1 7 7 3 8 8 2 9 9 4 10 10 4 12 12 1 13 13 2 14 14 2 15 15 1 16 16 1 17 17 7 18 18 2 20 20 6 21 21 2 22 22 10 24 24 2 26 26 6 27 27 6 28 28 5 32 32 1 34 34 6 36 36 107 NA NA v2017. Attitudes to Progeny: Pair Bonds Strengthened by Presence of Children Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=79; Number of unique values=23 Freq Value Description 2 2 2 1 4 4 1 5 5 1 6 6 2 8 8 1 9 9 7 10 10 4 12 12 6 14 14 4 15 15 4 16 16 10 18 18 1 20 20 4 21 21 1 23 23 6 24 24 1 25 25 1 26 26 11 27 27 4 28 28 2 32 32 2 35 35 3 36 36 107 NA NA v2018. Property: Importance of Private Ownership of Property and Severity of Punishment for Theft Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=79; Number of unique values=19 Freq Value Description 2 4 4 1 5 5 1 8 8 1 9 9 7 10 10 4 12 12 2 14 14 5 15 15 2 16 16 11 18 18 5 20 20 8 21 21 1 22 22 7 24 24 12 27 27 5 28 28 2 30 30 1 34 34 2 36 36 107 NA NA v2019. Sexual Gratification: Extent to Which Sexual Activity Was Restricted to Matrimony Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=79; Number of unique values=22 Freq Value Description 2 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 4 4 2 5 5 4 6 6 1 8 8 1 9 9 3 10 10 3 12 12 6 15 15 1 16 16 4 18 18 2 20 20 1 21 21 1 22 22 8 24 24 10 27 27 5 28 28 1 30 30 6 32 32 10 36 36 107 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Pryor, Frederic L. 2003. Economic Systems of Foragers. Cross-Cultural Research 37(4):393-426. http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/Economics/fpryor1/ ----------------------------------------------------------- v2020. Economic System, Derived from Cluster Analysis. (Pryor I) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 12 1 classic foragers 13 2 transition foragers 9 3 unequal-politically foragers 13 4 unequal-socioeconomically foragers 10 5 unequal-intangibles foragers 129 NA NA v2021. Distribution of Wealth Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 17 1 general equality 6 1.5 minor inequality 17 2 some differences in wealth 3 2.5 differences in wealth 14 3 considerable differences in wealth 129 NA NA v2022. Food Sharing/Redistribution { Composite Variable including Both Food Shared On-the-spot Where Foraged (Weight of 1/3) and Food Shared-in-camp (Weight of 2/3) . } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=40 Stat Value nobs 57 mean 2.489 min 0.667 max 4 sd 0.801 v2023. Market Exchange or Barter { Market Exchange Appears to Form a Guttman Scale: Little Internal Market Exchange Occurred in the Absence of Considerable External Market Exchange, While the Reverse Did Not Hold. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 2 1 little or no market exchange 4 1.5 some market exchange 12 2 market exchange but primarily with few external traders 8 2.5 market exchange with some external traders 11 3 market exchange with many external agents 2 3.5 external market exchange with incipient internal market exchange 10 4 external market exchange plus some internal market exchange as well 4 4.5 external and internal market exchange 4 5 considerable internal and external market exchange. 129 NA NA v2024. Taxation or Tribute Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 47 0 political leader had no special rights to part of foraging produce of others 1 0.5 political leader has very limited special rights to part of foraging produce of others 9 1 political leader had special rights to part of foraging produce of others, which can either be redistributed or kept for personal use. 129 NA NA v2025. Possession of Land { Composite Variable Running from 0 through 4, Coding the Degree to Which Groups and Persons Claimed Exclusive Rights to Land. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 5 0 0 2 0.5 0.5 14 1 1 22 2 2 3 2.5 2.5 6 3 3 4 4 4 1 5 5 129 NA NA v2026. Food Storage Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 21 1 no storage or short-term storage (for several days) or storage only of luxury foods 1 1.5 storage less than seasonal only 29 2 food storage in one season to last over other seasons for nourishment purposes 2 2.5 food storage very rarely more than a year 4 3 food storage covering more than a years nourishment needs (surplus could be used for other purposes such as ceremonial use). 129 NA NA v2027. Slave Holding Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 40 1 no slaves at focus date 1 1.5 war captives taken, but treated well 9 2 presence of slaves, but usually held only by elite 2 2.5 presence of slaves, more than elite can hold 5 3 presence of slaves and all could hold. 129 NA NA v2028. Property in Intangibles, Especially Curing Techniques Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 7 1 knowledge widely shared 1 1.5 some knowledge widely shared, other specialized but economically unimportant to owner 14 2 knowledge specialized but economically unimportant to owner 11 2.5 knowledge specialized, but only some serves as important source of income 24 3 knowledge specialized and constituted an important source of income 129 NA NA v2029. Extent of Bridewealth Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 40 1 none, small gifts, mutual exchange of gifts, or a substitute form of compensation such as bride service 2 1.5 insignificant bridewealth, and only used by some persons 7 2 some, but not significant wealth involved 8 3 significant wealth involved 129 NA NA v2030. Inheritance of Movable Property Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 10 1 very little; most movable property destroyed or buried with corpse 7 1.5 little inherited 20 2 some property inherited, some destroyed or buried 5 2.5 most property inherited 15 3 significant share of movable property inherited 129 NA NA v2031. Territoriality and Predominant Unit of Land Holding Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 6 0 no significant territoriality 1 0.5 only weak claims to territory, by tribe as a whole 14 1 territory claimed by tribe as a whole 1 2 territory claimed by subgroups of tribe larger than the band 26 3 territory claimed by band or local group 7 4 territory claimed by extended family, gens, or clan 2 5 territory claimed by small families or individuals 129 NA NA v2032. Importance of Private Land Holding by Individuals or Families Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 25 1 private land either nonexistent, unimportant, or casual 3 1.5 rarely, sites held private 18 2 particular (non-critical) areas or sites held private, such as individual trees 4 2.5 a few larger areas held privately 5 3 large areas held privately, but also some large community land 2 4 most land divided privately (individuals or families) 129 NA NA v2033. Political Centralization: Composite Variable Running from 0 through 4 { Equally Weighting the Political Leaders Relative Wealth; the Power of the Political Leader (Leader Was Weak and Operated Though Influence, Weak and Worked with a Council, Strong but Worked with a Council, Strong and Ruled Alone) ; the Formal Nature of Political Leadership (Leadership Was Informal, Leader Selected in Semi-formal or Formal Process, or Leadership Inherited) ; and Extent of Power (Strictly Local, over Several Local Groups, or over Tribe) . } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=19 Freq Value Description 17 0 0 3 0.25 0.25 4 0.5 0.5 2 0.75 0.75 2 0.833333333 0.833333333 1 0.916666667 0.916666667 7 1 1 1 1.166666667 1.166666667 1 1.416666667 1.416666667 7 1.5 1.5 1 1.583333333 1.583333333 1 1.75 1.75 1 1.833333333 1.833333333 3 2 2 1 2.25 2.25 1 2.333333333 2.333333333 2 3 3 1 3.166666667 3.166666667 1 3.25 3.25 129 NA NA v2034. Social Differentiation of Free Individuals (I. E., excluding Slaves) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 31 1 general egalitarianism 5 1.5 some social ranking 10 2 individuals or families ranked 6 2.5 social ranking important 5 3 at least two distinct classes with considerable inheritance of status. There were no societies with castes. 129 NA NA v2035. Fixity of Residence/Nomadism { The Basic Distinction Is between Societies with and without Permanent Homes. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 12 1 Society without permanent homes, roaming the entire year 1 1.5 Society either roams the entire year, or uses temporary stationary encampment for some months 15 2 Society has temporary stationary encampment for some months and roams the remainder of the year 3 2.5 Society is nomadic part of the year; it either has permanent homes, or uses temporary stationary encampment 8 3 Society has permanent homes, but is nomadic for part of the year 3 4 Society moves between two or more permanent homes 15 5 Society had single permanent home for many years 129 NA NA v2036. Average Population Size of Most Significant Local Group Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 23 1 1 to 50 5 1.5 1 to 99 4 2 50 to 99 8 2.5 50 to 149 1 3 100 to 149 5 4 150 to 199 3 4.5 150 to 249 1 5 200 to 249 1 5.5 200 to over 250 6 6 over 250 129 NA NA v2037. Contact with the West, during the Pinpointed Year Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 24 1 relatively little contact with white traders, missionaries, or officials 13 1.5 contact, but too little to have important impact on the economy 20 2 sufficient contact with white traders, missionaries, or officials to have an important impact on the economy. 129 NA NA v2038. Presence of Gambling Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 31 1 none 2 1.5 gambling occurred among some groups of the society but not others 5 2 some 3 2.5 gambling occurred but its importance is difficult to judge 16 3 considerable. 129 NA NA v2039. Presence of Potlatch { Potlatch Covers Those Ceremonies in Which Large Quantities of Property Are given Away or Destroyed by the Owner to Demonstrate the Owners Wealth and Thus Prestige. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 49 1 not present 6 2 present but property given away and not destroyed 2 3 property either given away or destroyed. 129 NA NA v2040. Rights in Women Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 23 1 women have sole right to choose own husband 13 1.5 women and family jointly choose her husband 18 2 family has dominant rights in selecting a womans husband 1 2.5 family and men jointly determine a mans wife 2 3 men in the family use their rights in determining a womans husband to obtain a spouse for themselves. 129 NA NA v2041. Transportation of Stored Food Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 18 1 no storage or stored food carried on back 39 2 use of horses, sleds, or boats to transport stored foods 129 NA NA v2042. Demand-sharing Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=56; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 8 1 yes, if an article was requested in some way, it was usually handed over. This could occur in the form either of direct asking, considerable scrounging, or tolerated theft. 2 1.5 widespread demand sharing, but more pronounced for certain goods 20 2 demand sharing occurred only for certain goods, for instance, food 1 2.5 sometimes sharing, sometimes reciprocity 5 3 demand reciprocity - if an article was requested, the recipient gave a gift before asking 4 4 only the chief or leader required to honor requests 1 4.5 even chief or leader rarely required to honor requests 15 5 no demand-sharing. 130 NA NA v2043. Carneiro Complexity Measure Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=57; Number of unique values=29 Stat Value nobs 57 mean 43.877 min 7 max 332 sd 51.56 ============================================================ SOURCE: Appendices to Frederic L. Pryor, 2005. Economic Systems of Foraging, Agriculture, and Industrial Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press. http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/Economics/fpryor1/ ----------------------------------------------------------- v2044. Economic System (Pryor II) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 8 1 herding plus economic system 14 2 egalitarian farming economic system 5 3 individualistic farming economic system 13 4 semi-marketized farming economic system. 146 NA NA v2045. Communal or Private Ownership of Fields Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 1 0 No ownership or individual use rights recognized 5 1 communal fields, individual use rights not recognized 2 1.5 communal fields, individual use rights partially recognized 2 2 communal fields, individual use rights recognized 4 3 fields owned by large family unit (clan, gens, sib), use rights assigned to individuals 3 3.5 fields owned both by large family unit (clan, gens, sib), and by individuals or small family unit 23 4 fields owned by individuals or small family unit 1 5 strongest form of fields owned by individuals or small family unit 145 NA NA v2046. Individual Use Rights to Fields, Bounded or Absolute Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 3 0 no use rights over land recognized 5 1 land communally held or held by large kin groups, and use directed by headman or kin-group head 12 2 land rights held by individual or small family unit, but community or large kin group can regulate sale or intervene in other ways 6 2.5 land rights held by individual or small family unit, some regulation by larger community 15 3 land rights held by individual or small family unit, and neither community nor large kin group intervenes. 145 NA NA v2047. Individual Ownership of Unfarmed but Usable (Empty) Lands Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 0 empty lands open to all 1 0.5 empty lands in some cases open to all, in other cases assigned by community leaders 19 1 empty lands and meadows held by community or large kin group directed by leaders of community or kin group, and individual rights assigned when needed. 1 1.5 empty lands in some cases assigned by community leaders, in other cases controlled by individuals or small family unit 17 2 empty lands held and controlled by individuals or small family unit. 146 NA NA v2048. Rate of Land Rents Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 17 1 no rents 3 1.5 in some cases no rents, in others middle range rents (up to 25% of crop) 6 2 middle range rents (up to 25% of crop) 2 2.5 some rents below 25%, some between 25 and 50% of crop 6 3 rents between 25 and 50 % of crop 7 3.5 some rents between 25 and 50% of crop, some over 50% 145 NA NA v2049. Tenancy Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 15 1 use rights or ownership almost always by actual farmer or herder 5 1.5 land mostly used by owners, but it appears that some lands rented 10 2 some lands rented 5 2.5 between some and most lands rented 4 3 most lands rented 1 4 most land farmed by hired or unfree laborers (considered as a form of tenancy). 146 NA NA v2050. Mutual Aid in Farming or Herding Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 9 0 farming done usually by individuals or small family groups with little outside help from friends, neighbors, or relatives 14 0.5 both self-sufficient households and labor exchanges among households 15 1 considerable mutual aid or labor exchanges. 148 NA NA v2051. Work-coordination Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 12 0 each individual farmer or herder works on own schedule 5 0.5 slight evidence of coordination among autonomous households 5 1 farming or herding activities coordinated to a certain degree because of the exigencies of irrigation or grazing 2 1.5 coordination among households beyond exigencies of irrigation or grazing 15 2 extensive coordination of agricultural activities of individual farmers or herders. 147 NA NA v2052. Unfree Labor in the Last Two Centuries Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 18 1 none 2 1.5 very minor slavery or serfdom 12 2 some slavery or serfdom, but not extensive 5 2.5 moderate to extensive slavery or serfdom 4 3 extensive use of slave or serf labor. 145 NA NA v2053. Unfree Labor at the Pinpointed Date Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 34 1 none 1 1.5 very minor slavery or serfdom 4 2 some slavery or serfdom, but not extensive 1 2.5 moderate to extensive slavery or serfdom 1 3 extensive use of slave or serf labor. 145 NA NA v2054. Inheritance by All Children or Primogeniture, Considering Only the Inheritance of Land (in a Cultivating Society) or Herds (in a Herding Society) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 3 0 no inheritance 7 1 inheritance split among all children 8 1.5 inheritance sometimes split among all children, sometimes among children of one sex 11 2 inheritance split among children of one sex 10 2.5 inheritance sometimes split among children of one sex, sometimes primarily by one child 2 3 inheritance primarily by one child. 145 NA NA v2055. Central Redistribution of Food, Either by the Headman, the Big Man, a Clan Leader, or a Church Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 22 1 little such redistribution 8 1.5 little to moderate redistribution 8 2 moderate redistribution 2 3 considerable redistribution. 146 NA NA v2056. Trade of Goods with Other Communities Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 not important 2 1.5 very minor importance 8 2 somewhat important (roughly 5% of total production of goods) 5 2.5 important 24 3 very important (more than 10% of total production of goods). 146 NA NA v2057. Intra-community Trade of Goods Made within the Community and Traded with Other Community Members Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 13 1 not important 12 1.5 very minor importance 2 2 somewhat important (roughly 5% of total production of goods) 3 2.5 important 9 3 very important (more than 10% of total production of goods). 147 NA NA v2058. Importance of Wage Labor outside the Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 14 1 little such activity 9 1.5 very minor importance 5 2 somewhat important (roughly 5% of the total labor supply) 2 2.5 important 10 3 very important (roughly 10 %of more of the total labor supply) 146 NA NA v2059. Importance of Wage Labor inside the Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 11 1 little such activity 9 1.5 very minor importance 6 2 somewhat important (roughly 5% of the total labor supply) 1 2.5 important 14 3 very important (roughly 10 %of more of the total labor supply) 145 NA NA v2060. Interest on Loans Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 8 1 none 8 2 interest charged, but primarily on commercial loans (such as loans by moneylenders) 7 2.5 interest charged, primarily commercial, but occasionally on personal loans 14 3 interest charged on most loans, commercial or personal (except from close relatives). 149 NA NA v2061. Inequality of Wealth in the Form of Land Holdings and Herds Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 1 1 general equality 10 2 some differences in wealth 8 2.5 differences in wealth 21 3 considerable differences in wealth. 146 NA NA v2062. Relative Wealth of Political Leaders in the Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 10 1 local political leader has little more wealth than others 7 1.5 local political leader has more wealth than others, but not among the wealthiest in the community 22 2 local political leader among the wealthiest in community. 147 NA NA v2063. Social Inequality of Free Population Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 general egalitarianism 6 1.5 some social ranking, but not that important 14 2 social ranking important 2 2.5 social ranking very important 18 3 at least two distinct classes or castes, other than slaves and royalty. 145 NA NA v2064. Presence of Irrigation Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 17 0 no irrigation 3 0.5 some use of irrigation 21 1 considerable use of irrigation. 145 NA NA v2065. Political Centralization { Unweighted Average Of: Relative Wealth of Local Political Leader, Power of Local Leader, Selection of Political Leader, Extent of Local Political Hierarchy, and Level of Sovereignty-Each Scaled from 0 (Low Centralization) to 4 (High Centralization) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=32 Stat Value nobs 41 mean 1.885 min 0.3 max 4 sd 0.953 v2066. Number of Persons in Community Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=12 Freq Value Description 3 1 1 to 50 1 1.5 1 to 99 3 2 50 to 99 1 2.5 50 to 149 2 3 100 to 149 3 4 150 to 199 3 4.5 150 to 249 3 6.5 250 to 399 3 7 300 to 399 2 8 400 to 500 1 8.5 400 to over 500 16 9 over 500 145 NA NA v2067. Capital Intensity of Production { One Point Each for the Presence of Plows, Irrigation, Terracing, and Fertilization. One Point for 15 to 35% Reliance on Animal Husbandry for Food; Two Points for 35 to 65% Reliance; Three Points for 65 to 85% Reliance; and Four Points for 85% or More Reliance. the Total Capital Intensity Was the Sum of These Two Calculations, but Truncated at 4. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=41; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 3 0 0 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 1.5 5 2 2 1 2.5 2.5 5 3 3 25 4 4 145 NA NA v2068. Form of Rent Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=40; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 16 0 no rent 2 1 payment in labor 5 2 fixed payment in crops (often simply a symbolic rent) 1 2.5 sometimes fixed payment in crops, sometimes share in crops 13 3 payment in a share of the crop 3 4 fixed money rent 146 NA NA v2069. Presence of Gambling. (Pryor II) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 1 0 none 21 1 little or none 4 1.5 occasional 6 2 some 4 2.5 frequent 2 3 considerable 148 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Chick, Garry, and John W. Loy. Making Men of Them: Male Socialization for Warfare and Combative Sports. World Cultures 12, no. 1 (2001): 2-17. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2070. Combative Sports 56: Number of individual combative sports reported Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 52 0 None reported 37 1 One reported 14 2 Two reported 5 3 Three reported 2 4 Four reported 76 NA NA v2071. Combative Sports 57: Data quality, individual combative sports Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 17 1 Low 24 2 LowMedium 46 3 Medium 22 4 MediumHigh 1 5 High 76 NA NA v2072. Combative Sports 58: Level of aggression in indvcs Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 25 1 Body contact but no mention of frequency of injuries 3 2 Weapons used but no mention of frequency of injuries 1 3 Body contact resulting in few or no injuries 4 5 Body contact resulting in frequent and/or severe injuries 3 6 Weapons used resulting in frequent and/or severe injuries 74 8 No information on frequency or severity of injuries 76 NA NA v2073. Combative Sports 59: Data quality, level of aggressiveness in individual combative sports Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 17 1 Low 15 2 LowMedium 12 3 Medium 4 4 MediumHigh 62 8 No information 76 NA NA v2074. Combative Sports 60: Participants in individual combative sports Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 15 1 Men only 13 2 Men and boys 5 3 Boys only 2 5 Mixed groups (M&F) 75 8 Insufficient information to determine participation 76 NA NA v2075. Combative Sports 61: Data quality, participants in individual combative sports Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 15 1 Low 8 2 LowMedium 12 3 Medium 9 4 MediumHigh 4 5 High 62 8 No information 76 NA NA v2076. Combative Sports 62: Number of team combative sports reported Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 75 0 No team combative sports reported 23 1 One ream combative sport reported 8 2 Two team combative sports reported 4 3 Three team combative sports reported 76 NA NA v2077. Combative Sports 63: Data quality, team combative sports Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 25 1 Low 22 2 LowMedium 40 3 Medium 19 4 MediumHigh 3 5 High 1 8 No information 76 NA NA v2078. Combative Sports 64: Level of aggression in team combative sports Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 2 1 Body contact but no mention of frequency of injuries 4 2 Weapons used but no mention of frequency of injuries 1 3 Body contact resulting in few or no injuries 1 4 Use of weapons largely symbolic, few or no injuries 4 5 Violent body contact, frequent and/or severe injuries 3 6 Weapons used resulting in frequent and/or severe injuries 95 8 No information on frequency or severity of injuries 76 NA NA v2079. Combative Sports 65: Data quality, level of aggression in team combative sports Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 15 1 Low 3 2 LowMedium 10 3 Medium 1 4 MediumHigh 1 5 High 80 8 No information 76 NA NA v2080. Combative Sports 66: Participants in team combative sports Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 3 1 Men only 2 2 Men and boys 5 3 Boys only 2 4 Women only 8 5 Mixed groups (M&F) 90 8 No information on participants in team combative sports 76 NA NA v2081. Combative Sports 67: Data quality, participants in team combative sports Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 8 1 Low 3 2 LowMedium 2 3 Medium 8 4 MediumHigh 7 5 High 82 8 No information 76 NA NA v2082. Combative Sports 68: Number of sham combats reported Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 76 0 None reported 24 1 One reported 8 2 Two reported 1 3 Three reported 1 4 Four reported 76 NA NA v2083. Combative Sports 69: Data quality, sham combats Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 19 1 Low 13 2 LowMedium 54 3 Medium 21 4 MediumHigh 3 5 High 76 NA NA v2084. Combative Sports 70: Level of aggression in sham combats Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 Body contact but no mention of frequency of injuries 16 2 Weapons used but no mention of frequency of injuries 5 4 Use of weapons largely symbolic, few or no injuries 6 6 Use of weapons resulting in frequent and/or severe injuries 82 8 No information on frequency or severity of injuries 76 NA NA v2085. Combative Sports 71: Data quality, aggression in sham combats Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 4 1 Low 13 2 LowMedium 8 3 Medium 8 4 MediumHigh 1 5 High 76 8 No information 76 NA NA v2086. Combative Sports 72: Participants, sham combats Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 7 1 Men only 8 2 Men and boys 9 3 Boys only 1 5 Mixed groups (M&F) 83 8 No information on participants in team combative sports 2 9 Confusing or contradictory information 76 NA NA v2087. Combative Sports 73: Data quality, participants in sham combats Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 9 1 Low 5 2 LowMedium 6 3 Medium 9 4 MediumHigh 5 5 High 76 8 No information 76 NA NA v2088. Combative Sports 74: Number of non combative sports reported Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 19 0 None reported 22 1 One reported 22 2 Two reported 13 3 Three reported 10 4 Four reported 6 5 Five reported 6 6 Six reported 5 7 Seven reported 3 8 Eight reported 1 9 Nine reported 3 10 Ten reported 76 NA NA v2089. Combative Sports 75: Data quality, non combative sports Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 16 1 Low 40 2 LowMedium 41 3 Medium 9 4 MediumHigh 3 5 High 1 8 No information 76 NA NA v2090. Combative Sports 76: Participants in non combative sports Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 12 1 Men only 18 2 Men and boys 7 3 Boys only 1 4 Women only 16 5 Mixed groups (M&F) 56 8 No information on participants in non combative sports 76 NA NA v2091. Combative Sports 77: Data quality, participants in non combative sprts Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 22 1 Low 15 2 LowMedium 26 3 Medium 12 4 MediumHigh 2 5 High 33 8 No information 76 NA NA v2092. Combative Sports 78: Combative sport present (0-1 var from #56, #62, #68) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 28 0 Absent 82 1 Present 76 NA NA v2093. Combative Sports 79: Total number of sports reported (sum of #56,#62,#68,#74) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=110; Number of unique values=14 Freq Value Description 9 0 0 10 1 1 17 2 2 15 3 3 13 4 4 10 5 5 8 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 6 9 9 1 10 10 3 11 11 1 12 12 3 14 14 76 NA NA v2094. Combative Sports 80: Proportion of individual combative sports (#56 / #79) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=20 Freq Value Description 43 0 0 2 0.071 0.071 1 0.091 0.091 1 0.1 0.1 1 0.111 0.111 2 0.125 0.125 3 0.143 0.143 4 0.167 0.167 1 0.182 0.182 5 0.2 0.2 1 0.222 0.222 4 0.25 0.25 2 0.286 0.286 10 0.333 0.333 2 0.375 0.375 2 0.4 0.4 1 0.429 0.429 8 0.5 0.5 3 0.667 0.667 5 1 1 85 NA NA v2095. Combative Sports 81: Proportion of team combative sports (#62 / #79) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=17 Freq Value Description 66 0 0 2 0.071 0.071 1 0.083 0.083 1 0.111 0.111 2 0.125 0.125 1 0.143 0.143 2 0.167 0.167 2 0.182 0.182 3 0.2 0.2 1 0.214 0.214 8 0.25 0.25 1 0.286 0.286 4 0.333 0.333 1 0.4 0.4 1 0.429 0.429 4 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 85 NA NA v2096. Combative Sports 82: Proportion of sham combats (#68 / #79) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=15 Freq Value Description 67 0 0 1 0.071 0.071 1 0.083 0.083 1 0.111 0.111 2 0.125 0.125 3 0.143 0.143 3 0.167 0.167 1 0.182 0.182 6 0.2 0.2 3 0.222 0.222 2 0.25 0.25 3 0.333 0.333 6 0.5 0.5 1 0.667 0.667 1 1 1 85 NA NA v2097. Combative Sports 83: Proportion of non combative sports (#74 / #79) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=27 Stat Value nobs 101 mean 0.6 min 0 max 1 sd 0.303 ============================================================ SOURCE: Stephans, W.N. 1962 The Oedipus complex. Glencoe, Ill., Free Press. p305 Appendix 2 ----------------------------------------------------------- v2098. Severity of sex training [measured as strength of + (presence) and - (absence)] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=25; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 12 -1 Absence 13 1 Presence 161 NA NA v2099. Pregnancy sex taboo [measured as strength of + (presence) and - (absence)] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=20; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 10 -1 Absence 10 1 Presence 166 NA NA v2100. Sexual intercourse before marriage prohibited [measured as strength of + (presence) and - (absence)] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=21; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 13 -1 Absence 8 1 Presence 165 NA NA v2101. Sexual intercourse usually punished in folklore [measured as strength of + (presence) and - (absence)] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=16; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 12 -1 Absence 4 1 Presence 170 NA NA v2102. Sexual avoidance therapy [measured as strength of + (presence) and - (absence)] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=26; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 20 -1 Absence 6 1 Presence 160 NA NA v2103. Sexual explanations for Illness [measured as strength of + (presence) and - (absence)] Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=29; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 16 -1 Absence 13 1 Presence 157 NA NA v2104. Stephans summative scoring, leaving blank those cases where there are too few indicators to form a sum Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=24; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value Description 2 -5 -5 7 -4 -4 1 -3 -3 3 -2 -2 3 -1 -1 2 0 0 3 2 2 2 4 4 1 5 5 162 NA NA v2105. Doug White's summative scoring for all cases Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=33; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 3 -5 -5 6 -4 -4 1 -3 -3 4 -2 -2 6 -1 -1 3 0 0 6 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 4 1 5 5 153 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Rosenblatt, Paul C.Marital Residence and the Functions of Romantic Love. Ethnology 6, no. 4 (October 1, 1967): 471-480. doi:10.2307/3772832. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2106. Romantic Love Ratings (Rosenblatt 1965) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=51; Number of unique values=18 Freq Value Description 1 1 1 5 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 7 6 6 2 7 7 1 8 8 2 9 9 3 10 10 4 11 11 5 13 13 3 14 14 2 15 15 1 16 16 2 17 17 4 18 18 3 19 19 1 20 20 135 NA NA v2107. Premarital Sex (Rosenblatt 1965) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 19 0 Disapproved/prohibited 23 1 Allowed/tolerated 144 NA NA v2108. Extramarital Sex (Rosenblatt 1965) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=38; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 9 1 Allowed for both 11 2 Allowed for husband only 18 3 Prohibited for both 148 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Aronoff, Joel. Parental Nurturance in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample Theory, Coding, and Scores. Cross-Cultural Research 46, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 315-347. doi:10.1177/1069397112450851. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2109. Parental Nurturance Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=130; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 5 2 Parental behavior is most harmful to childrens emotional development 9 3 Harmful parental behavior is less intense than maximally negative 19 4 Most parental behavior is harmful but appears at a more moderate level 29 5 Although some positive parental factors may appear, childrens growth is largely restricted 17 6 Parental behavior is a compound of moderately positive and negative factors 9 7 Although largely a positive collection of parental skills, a specific negative factor may appear 33 8 An optimally respectful cluster of warm, attentive, and stable parental care 9 9 The engagement of parents in nurturing involvements appears more deeply and consistently 56 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: BACON, Margaret K.; Herbert BARRY III; Irvin L. CHILD; Charles R. SNYDER. 1965 A cross-cultural study of drinking, Quarterly journal of alcohol studies (special issue), Supplement 3. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2110. Alcohol: Amount Consumed Male Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=48; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 5 0 none 1 1 none to very small amounts 1 5 small to moderate amounts 5 6 moderate but less than average 6 7 less than average 7 8 average 3 9 average to somewhat above average 5 10 somewhat above average 6 11 above average 8 12 large amounts 1 13 large to very large amounts 138 NA NA v2111. Alcohol: Amount Consumed Female Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=16; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 2 0 none 1 3 very small to small amounts 2 4 small amounts 2 5 small to moderate amounts 2 6 moderate but less than average 2 7 less than average 2 8 average 1 9 average to somewhat above average 1 10 somewhat above average 1 12 large amounts 170 NA NA v2112. Alcohol: Frequency of Drunkeness Male Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=45; Number of unique values=13 Freq Value Description 4 0 nonexistent 1 1 nonexistent to very rare 2 3 very rare to unusual 5 4 does occur but unusual 4 5 unusual to occasional 2 6 not unusual but less than average 4 8 average in frequency and degree 2 9 average to somewhat above average 2 10 somewhat above average 3 11 above average 7 12 considerably more frequent than average 6 13 very frequent but not extreme 3 14 extreme 141 NA NA v2113. Alcohol: Frequency of Drunkeness Female Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=14; Number of unique values=12 Freq Value Description 2 0 nonexistent 1 1 nonexistent to very rare 1 2 very rare 1 3 very rare to unusual 1 4 does occur but unusual 2 5 unusual to occasional 1 6 not unusual but less than average 1 7 not unusual to average 1 10 somewhat above average 1 11 above average 1 12 considerably more frequent than average 1 13 very frequent but not extreme 172 NA NA v2114. Alcohol: Extent of Problem Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=43; Number of unique values=13 Freq Value Description 1 0 no problem 1 1 none to insignificant 2 2 very slight if any 6 3 slight problem 3 4 some problem but not severe 3 5 noticeable problem 4 6 moderate problem 2 7 moderate to considerable problem 3 8 considerable problem 3 9 considerable to severe problem 5 10 severe problem 5 11 severe to very severe problem 5 12 very severe problem 143 NA NA v2115. Alcohol: Extent of Procurement Effort Male Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=42; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value Description 2 3 very slight labor or expense devoted to beverages 2 4 slight labor or expense devoted to beverages 4 5 slight to moderate labor or expense 7 6 moderate labor or expense 7 7 moderate to considerable labor or expense 4 8 considerable outlay of labor or expense 2 9 considerable to large labor or expense 3 10 a large outlay of labor or expense 5 11 procurement verges on being a major cultural focus 6 12 a major part of cultural effort is devoted to preparing or procuring the beverages 144 NA NA v2116. Alcohol: Extent of Procurement Effort Female Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=8; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 1 5 slight to moderate labor or expense 1 6 moderate labor or expense 1 7 moderate to considerable labor or expense 1 8 considerable outlay of labor or expense 2 9 considerable to large labor or expense 1 10 a large outlay of labor or expense 1 11 procurement verges on being a major cultural focus 178 NA NA v2117. Alcohol: Amount of Nurturant Care given Drinkers Male Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=3; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 1 0 no nurturance 1 5 occasional to moderate nurturance 1 10 frequent nurturance 183 NA NA v2118. Alcohol: Amount of Nurturant Care given Drinkers Female Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=8; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 7 moderate to considerable nurturance 1 9 considerable to frequent nurturance 3 10 frequent nurturance 1 11 frequent acts of nurturance to major acts of nurturance 1 12 major acts of nurturance 178 NA NA v2119. Alcohol: Boisterousness of Drinking Bouts Male Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=36; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 1 6 slightly quiet and inactive to neither loud nor quiet 3 9 slightly loud and boisterous 3 10 slightly to moderately loud and boisterous 9 11 moderately loud and boisterous 6 12 moderately to very loud and boisterous 8 13 very loud and boisterous 6 14 extremely loud and boisterous 150 NA NA v2120. Alcohol: Boisterousness of Drinking Bouts Female Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=8; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 2 0 extremely quiet and inactive 1 9 slightly loud and boisterous 1 11 moderately loud and boisterous 3 12 moderately to very loud and boisterous 1 13 very loud and boisterous 178 NA NA v2121. Alcohol: Approval of Drinking Male Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=44; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 1 2 very strong disapproval 1 5 strong to mild disapproval 1 6 mild disapproval 2 7 mild disapproval to indifference 1 8 attitude is one of indifference 2 9 indifference to mild approval 1 10 mild approval 2 11 mild to strong approval 10 12 strong approval 11 13 strong to very strong approval 12 14 very strong approval 142 NA NA v2122. Alcohol: Approval of Drinking Female Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=5; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 6 mild disapproval 1 7 mild disapproval to indifference 1 10 mild approval 1 11 mild to strong approval 1 13 strong to very strong approval 181 NA NA v2123. Alcohol: Approval of Drunkeness Male Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=39; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value Description 4 2 very strong disapproval 3 3 very strong to strong disapproval 3 4 strong disapproval 1 5 strong to mild disapproval 3 6 mild disapproval 3 7 mild disapproval to indifference 4 10 mild approval 7 11 mild to strong approval 4 12 strong approval 6 13 strong to very strong approval 1 14 very strong approval 147 NA NA v2124. Alcohol: Approval of Drunkeness Female Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=7; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value Description 1 1 extremely strong disapproval 2 3 very strong to strong disapproval 2 4 strong disapproval 1 6 mild disapproval 1 9 indifference to mild approval 179 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Douglas R. White 2013 ----------------------------------------------------------- v2125. Importance of Wage Labor inside the Community or outside (If Return Migration) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 66 1 little such activity 28 2 some important (roughly 5% of total labor supply) 62 3 very important (10% or more of the total labor supply) 30 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: George P. Murdock and Caterina Provost. 1973. Factors in the Division of Labor by Sex: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. Ethnology 12: 203-225. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2126. Food Collection: Vegetal (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 10 0 absent 169 1 present 7 NA NA v2127. Food Collection: Insects, and/or Small Land Fauna (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=133; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 18 0 absent 115 1 present 53 NA NA v2128. Food Collection: Shellfish/Small Aquatic Fauna (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 85 0 absent 77 1 present 24 NA NA v2129. Food Collection: Honey (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=106; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 38 0 absent 68 1 present 80 NA NA v2130. Food Collection: Fowling (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=157; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 16 0 absent 141 1 present 29 NA NA v2131. Food Collection: Fishing (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 29 0 absent 153 1 present 4 NA NA v2132. Food Collection: Trapping (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=171; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 20 0 absent 151 1 present 15 NA NA v2133. Food Collection: Large Land Fauna (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 36 0 absent 144 1 present 6 NA NA v2134. Food Collection: Large Aquatic Fauna (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=177; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 127 0 absent 50 1 present 9 NA NA v2135. Food Production: Land Clearance (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 44 0 absent 140 1 present 2 NA NA v2136. Food Production: Soil Preparation (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 49 0 absent 135 1 present 2 NA NA v2137. Food Production: Planting (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 44 0 absent 141 1 present 1 NA NA v2138. Food Production: Crop Tending (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 48 0 absent 134 1 present 4 NA NA v2139. Food Production: Harvesting (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 44 0 absent 141 1 present 1 NA NA v2140. Food Production: Small Domestic Animals (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=180; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 13 0 absent 167 1 present 6 NA NA v2141. Food Production: Large Domestic Animals (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=184; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 76 0 absent 108 1 present 2 NA NA v2142. Food Production: Milking (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 127 0 absent 58 1 present 1 NA NA v2143. Food Preparation: Vegetal: Food Preparation (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=178; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 2 0 absent 176 1 present 8 NA NA v2144. Food Preparation: Butchering (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=167; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 8 0 absent 159 1 present 19 NA NA v2145. Food Preparation: Preservation (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=161; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 31 0 absent 130 1 present 25 NA NA v2146. Food Preparation: Drinks (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 37 0 absent 133 1 present 16 NA NA v2147. Food Preparation: Dairy (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=178; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 130 0 absent 48 1 present 8 NA NA v2148. Food Preparation: Cooking (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 185 1 present 1 NA NA v2149. Extractive Industries: Mining/Quarrying (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=147; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 106 0 absent 41 1 present 39 NA NA v2150. Extractive Industries: Fuel Gathering (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 1 0 absent 178 1 present 7 NA NA v2151. Extractive Industries: Lumbering (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=169; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 14 0 absent 155 1 present 17 NA NA v2152. Extractive Industries: Water Fetching (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value Description 185 1 present 1 NA NA v2153. Intermediate Processing: Skins (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=173; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 48 0 absent 125 1 present 13 NA NA v2154. Intermediate Processing: Spinning (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 56 0 absent 100 1 present 30 NA NA v2155. Intermediate Processing: Loom Weaving (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 81 0 absent 89 1 present 16 NA NA v2156. Intermediate Processing: Smelting (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=162; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 125 0 absent 37 1 present 24 NA NA v2157. Manufacturing: Matmaking (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 29 0 absent 134 1 present 23 NA NA v2158. Manufacturing: Netmaking (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 45 0 absent 110 1 present 31 NA NA v2159. Manufacturing: Basketmaking (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 21 0 absent 149 1 present 16 NA NA v2160. Manufacturing: Rope or Cordage (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 0 absent 167 1 present 16 NA NA v2161. Manufacturing: Leather (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 57 0 absent 106 1 present 23 NA NA v2162. Manufacturing: Clothing (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=163; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 36 0 absent 127 1 present 23 NA NA v2163. Manufacturing: Pottery (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=172; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 61 0 absent 111 1 present 14 NA NA v2164. Manufacturing: Wood (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=182; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 1 0 absent 181 1 present 4 NA NA v2165. Manufacturing: Bone (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=140; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 14 0 absent 126 1 present 46 NA NA v2166. Manufacturing: Stone (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=143; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 39 0 absent 104 1 present 43 NA NA v2167. Manufacturing: Metal (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=179; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 93 0 absent 86 1 present 7 NA NA v2168. Manufacturing: Musical Instruments (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=170; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 8 0 absent 162 1 present 16 NA NA v2169. Miscellaneous: Fire (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 0 absent 182 1 present 1 NA NA v2170. Miscellaneous: Laundering (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=127; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 52 0 absent 75 1 present 59 NA NA v2171. Miscellaneous: Bodily Mutilation (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=164; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 13 0 absent 151 1 present 22 NA NA v2172. Miscellaneous: Bonesetting/Surgery (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=98; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 37 0 absent 61 1 present 88 NA NA v2173. Miscellaneous: Burden Carrying (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 3 0 absent 152 1 present 31 NA NA v2174. Miscellaneous: Boatbuilding (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=175; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 79 0 absent 96 1 present 11 NA NA v2175. Miscellaneous: Housebuilding (task present==1, absent==0) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=185; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 1 0 absent 184 1 present 1 NA NA ============================================================ SOURCE: Douglas R. White. 1988. Rethinking Polygyny: Co-Wives, Codes, and Cultural Systems. Current Anthropology 29:529-559. (project begun in collaboration with Michael L. Burton, and John W. M. Whiting). ----------------------------------------------------------- f=SCCS$v872/100 ; m=SCCS$v871/100 ; (1-f)=proportion of married females that are monogamous; (1-m)=proportion of married males that are monogamous; M=number of married males; F=number of married females; Since the number of monogomous males equals the number of monogamous females: (1-f)*F=(1-m)*M; so F/M=(1-m)/(1-f) v2176. Mean number wives per husband (Married Women/Married Men) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=142; Number of unique values=76 Stat Value nobs 142 mean 1.349 min 1 max 8 sd 0.856 ============================================================ SOURCE: Elizabeth Cashdan and Matt Steele. 2013. Pathogen prevalence, group bias, and collectivism in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. Human Nature 24(1):59-75. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2177. The sum of the individual pathogen scores (Cashdan & Steele) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=20 Freq Value 24 8 4 9 7 10 4 11 11 12 12 13 9 14 13 15 6 16 10 17 14 18 11 19 8 20 15 21 10 22 7 23 12 24 6 25 2 26 1 27 v2178. A z-score including additional data (a finer breakdown of schistosomes and leishmanias, plus two of Low's pathogen scores) (Cashdan & Steele) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=112 Stat Value nobs 186 mean -0.001 min -0.96 max 1.32 sd 0.608 ============================================================ SOURCE: SCCS codes on Reincarnation and sources. Douglas R. White (from diverse sources), model initially analyzed and written up with Eleanor Wynn. ----------------------------------------------------------- Sources include: (1) Paul Rosenblatt, Patricia Walsh and Douglas Jackson. 1976. Grief and Mourning. HRAF Press. (2) David Levinson. 1985. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. New Haven. HRAF Press. Volumes 1, 3, 5, 7. (3) Gananath Obeyesekere. 2002. Imagining Karma: Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth Gananath Obeyesekere. Berkeley: University of California Press. (4) Antonia Mills, Richard Slobodin (Eds.). 1994. American Indian Rebirth: Reincarnation Belief Among North American Indians and Inuit. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. v2179. Quality control for sources Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value Description 26 1 Religion such as Islam, Christianity (No such beliefs) / Karmic religion or split 6 2 Rosenblatt, Walsh and Jackson 1976. 10 3 Levinson 1985. 3 4 Obeyesekere 2002. 21 5 Articles in Mills and Slobodin 9 6 Individual Ethnographers 5 7 Google search 21 8 dont know source 85 NA NA v2180. Classical karmic beliefs Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=100; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value Description 46 0 Few or no beliefs in human reincarnation (including Islamic and Christian societies) 13 2 Moderate beliefs in human reincarnation 12 3 Full beliefs in human reincarnation but not Classical karmic 22 4 High beliefs in human reincarnation (large proportion on the population) but not Classical karmic 2 5 High proportion of believers in human karmic reincarnation (in the population) or beliefs split with Islam, Confucianism or non-reincarnation religion 5 6 Full beliefs in human karmic progression or regression through reincarnation (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Taoism, Shintoism, and others) 86 NA NA v2181. Range of Beliefs roughly consistent with Rosenblatt et al. codes Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=101; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 46 0 No beliefs in human reincarnation (including Islamic and Christian societies) 14 2 Moderate beliefs in human reincarnation 14 3 High proportion of believers in human karmic reincarnation (in the population) or beliefs split with Islam, Confucianism or non-reincarnation religion 27 4 Full beliefs in human reincarnation (karmic or not) 85 NA NA v2182. further notes on sources Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=59 First six non-missing records: society v2182 Nama Enlarged from n=102 Kung Dv1998.4#Script_4_CLASSICAL Thonga Dv1998.4#Script_3_PRECLASSICAL Lozi Dv1998.4#A_Final_Model Mbundu Google: Some belief Suku ============================================================ SOURCE: Cashdan, E. (2014). Biogeography of Human Infectious Diseases: A Global Historical Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e106752. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106752 ----------------------------------------------------------- v2183. Pathogen: dengue (Cashdan) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 41 1 absent 39 2 rare 52 3 moderate/sporadic 54 4 heavy/endemic v2184. Pathogen: filariae (Cashdan) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 78 1 absent 21 2 rare 46 3 moderate/sporadic 41 4 heavy/endemic v2185. Pathogen: malaria (Cashdan) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 43 1 absent 18 2 rare 40 3 moderate/sporadic 85 4 heavy/endemic v2186. Pathogen: typhus (Cashdan) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 88 1 absent 5 2 rare 49 3 moderate/sporadic 44 4 heavy/endemic v2187. Pathogen: trypanosomes (Cashdan) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 141 1 absent 25 2 rare 8 3 moderate/sporadic 12 4 heavy/endemic v2188. Pathogen: plague (Cashdan) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 135 1 absent 18 2 rare 16 3 moderate/sporadic 17 4 heavy/endemic v2189. Pathogen: leishmanias (Cashdan) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 113 1 absent 26 2 rare 28 3 moderate/sporadic 19 4 heavy/endemic v2190. Pathogen: schistosomes (Cashdan) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value Description 124 1 absent 25 2 rare 19 3 moderate/sporadic 18 4 heavy/endemic v2191. Pathogen: eight pathogen zscore (Cashdan) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=93 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 0 min -0.92 max 1.32 sd 0.599 v2192. Pathogen: number of pathogens present (of 10) (Cashdan) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value 21 0 9 1 8 2 14 3 17 4 24 5 21 6 24 7 31 8 16 9 1 10 ============================================================ SOURCE: Bradley, C., Moore, C. C., Burton, M. L., & White, D. R. (1990). A Cross-Cultural Historical Analysis of Subsistence Change. American Anthropologist, 92(2), 447?457. ----------------------------------------------------------- v2193. Date of subsistence change Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 39 0 before 1918 48 1 after 1918 99 NA NA v2194. Occurance of subsistence change Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 14 0 no change 73 1 change 99 NA NA v2195. Extent of subsistence change Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value Description 14 0 no change 65 1 partial 8 2 total 99 NA NA v2196. Agricultural intensification Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 57 0 absent 29 1 present 100 NA NA v2197. Nonagricultural intensification Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 69 0 absent 16 1 present 101 NA NA v2198. New crops introduced Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 63 0 no 22 1 yes 101 NA NA v2199. new animals introduced Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 70 0 no 15 1 yes 101 NA NA v2200. change in settlement patterns Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 67 0 absent 18 1 present 101 NA NA v2201. expansion Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=81; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 65 0 absent 16 1 present 105 NA NA v2202. major subsistence loss Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=87; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 61 0 absent 26 1 present 99 NA NA v2203. wage labor introduced Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 58 0 no 27 1 yes 101 NA NA v2204. wage labor increased Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 63 0 absent 23 1 present 100 NA NA v2205. introduction to trade Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=85; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 63 0 no 22 1 yes 101 NA NA v2206. trade increased Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=86; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 53 0 absent 33 1 present 100 NA NA ============================================================ E. Anthon Eff's supplementary data ============================================================ ============================================================ SOURCE: data from http://www.ethnologue.com/, assigned by E. Anthon Eff ----------------------------------------------------------- reg. Classification into Old World or New World. Used for calculation of linguistic proximity matrix. Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value Description 63 newWorld newWorld 123 oldWorld oldWorld iso639.3. ISO 639-3 language code, used on Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=185 First six non-missing records: society iso639.3 Nama naq Kung knw Thonga tso Lozi loz Mbundu umb Suku sub lang. Language name, from Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=185 First six non-missing records: society lang Nama Nama Kung Kungekoka Thonga Tsonga Lozi Lozi Mbundu Umbundu Suku Suku phyl. Language phylogenetic classification, from Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=183 First six non-missing records: society phyl Nama Khoisan, Southern Africa, Central, Nama Kung Khoisan, Southern Africa, Northern Thonga Niger-congo, Atlantic-congo, Volta-congo, Benue-congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-ronga (s 50) Lozi Niger-congo, Atlantic-congo, Volta-congo, Benue-congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-tswana (s 30) Mbundu Niger-congo, Atlantic-congo, Volta-congo, Benue-congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, South Mbundu (r 10) Suku Niger-congo, Atlantic-congo, Volta-congo, Benue-congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (h 30) ============================================================ SOURCE: Dryer, M. S., & Haspelmath, M. (Eds.). (2013). WALS Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved from http://wals.info/ ----------------------------------------------------------- wwlang. WALS language name Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=154 First six non-missing records: society wwlang Nama Khoekhoe Kung !Xun (Ekoka) Thonga Tsonga Lozi Lozi Mbundu UMbundu Hatsa Kindiga Hadza wals. WALS language code Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=155; Number of unique values=154 First six non-missing records: society wals Nama KHO Kung XUN Thonga TSN Lozi LOZ Mbundu UMB Hatsa Kindiga HAD ============================================================ SOURCE: Hijmans, R.J., et al. 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25(15):1965-1978. data at http://www.worldclim.org/bioclim.htm (assigned by E. Anthon Eff) ----------------------------------------------------------- alt. BIOCLIM: Altitude (m) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=168 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 628.365 min 3 max 5000 sd 794.473 alt.sd. BIOCLIM: Altitude (m) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 148.3 min 1.039 max 1001.75 sd 165.957 alt.flag. BIOCLIM: Altitude (m) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 5 meanalt. BIOCLIM: Mean altitude within 20 km radius (m) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 632.351 min 3.125 max 4788.215 sd 779.576 sdalt. BIOCLIM: Standard deviation of altitude within 20 km radius (m) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 111.805 min 0.832 max 924.771 sd 140.225 bio.1. BIOCLIM: Annual Mean Temperature (dgC*10) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=124 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 183.217 min -128 max 292 sd 98.081 bio.1.sd. BIOCLIM: Annual Mean Temperature (dgC*10) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 8.186 min 0 max 62.916 sd 9.406 bio.1.flag. BIOCLIM: Annual Mean Temperature (dgC*10) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 6.30102999566398 bio.2. BIOCLIM: Mean Diurnal Range (Mean of monthly (max temp - min temp)) (dgC*10) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=86 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 108.727 min 43 max 182 sd 31.36 bio.2.sd. BIOCLIM: Mean Diurnal Range (Mean of monthly (max temp - min temp)) (dgC*10) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=183 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 2.112 min 0 max 13.491 sd 2.283 bio.2.flag. BIOCLIM: Mean Diurnal Range (Mean of monthly (max temp - min temp)) (dgC*10) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 6.30102999566398 bio.3. BIOCLIM: Isothermality (bio_2/bio_7) (* 100) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=73 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 56.437 min 15 max 91 sd 20.608 bio.3.sd. BIOCLIM: Isothermality (bio_2/bio_7) (* 100) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=183 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 0.726 min 0 max 3.93 sd 0.526 bio.3.flag. BIOCLIM: Isothermality (bio_2/bio_7) (* 100) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 6.30102999566398 bio.4. BIOCLIM: Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation *100) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=183 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 3964.528 min 111 max 19190 sd 3950.592 bio.4.sd. BIOCLIM: Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation *100) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 72.617 min 8.928 max 632.892 sd 85.391 bio.4.flag. BIOCLIM: Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation *100) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 6.30102999566398 bio.5. BIOCLIM: Max Temperature of Warmest Month (dgC*10) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=117 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 297.666 min 95 max 433 sd 64.789 bio.5.sd. BIOCLIM: Max Temperature of Warmest Month (dgC*10) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 8.673 min 0.221 max 65.445 sd 9.901 bio.5.flag. BIOCLIM: Max Temperature of Warmest Month (dgC*10) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 6.30102999566398 bio.6. BIOCLIM: Min Temperature of Coldest Month (dgC*10) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=155 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 70.199 min -413 max 251 sd 146.923 bio.6.sd. BIOCLIM: Min Temperature of Coldest Month (dgC*10) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 8.243 min 0.306 max 62.526 sd 9.543 bio.6.flag. BIOCLIM: Min Temperature of Coldest Month (dgC*10) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 6.30102999566398 bio.7. BIOCLIM: Temperature Annual Range (bio_5-bio_6) (dgC*10) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=148 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 227.736 min 57 max 622 sd 120.06 bio.7.sd. BIOCLIM: Temperature Annual Range (bio_5-bio_6) (dgC*10) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 3.764 min 0.231 max 30.224 sd 4.124 bio.7.flag. BIOCLIM: Temperature Annual Range (bio_5-bio_6) (dgC*10) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 6.30102999566398 bio.8. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter (dgC*10) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=123 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 199.981 min -85 max 304 sd 84.239 bio.8.sd. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter (dgC*10) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 9.094 min 0 max 66.509 sd 10.195 bio.8.flag. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter (dgC*10) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 5 bio.9. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter (dgC*10) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=124 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 168.957 min -298 max 335 sd 124.267 bio.9.sd. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter (dgC*10) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 10.098 min 0 max 82.177 sd 12.769 bio.9.flag. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter (dgC*10) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 5 bio.10. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter (dgC*10) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=115 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 231.772 min 41 max 335 sd 62.931 bio.10.sd. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter (dgC*10) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 8.34 min 0 max 63.5 sd 9.531 bio.10.flag. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter (dgC*10) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 6.30102999566398 bio.11. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter (dgC*10) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=137 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 131.107 min -361 max 276 sd 142.617 bio.11.sd. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter (dgC*10) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 8.135 min 0.405 max 62.687 sd 9.355 bio.11.flag. BIOCLIM: Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter (dgC*10) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 6.30102999566398 bio.12. BIOCLIM: Annual Precipitation (mm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=180 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1429.485 min 0 max 5348 sd 1023.849 bio.12.sd. BIOCLIM: Annual Precipitation (mm) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=185 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 82.263 min 0 max 874.675 sd 116.364 bio.12.flag. BIOCLIM: Annual Precipitation (mm) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 5 bio.13. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Wettest Month (mm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=155 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 224.707 min 0 max 687 sd 139.092 bio.13.sd. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Wettest Month (mm) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=185 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 15.344 min 0 max 209.115 sd 24.823 bio.13.flag. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Wettest Month (mm) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 5 bio.14. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Driest Month (mm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=85 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 43.735 min 0 max 348 sd 61.248 bio.14.sd. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Driest Month (mm) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=166 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 3.237 min 0 max 43.258 sd 5.202 bio.14.flag. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Driest Month (mm) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 5 bio.15. BIOCLIM: Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=95 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 60.366 min 0 max 161 sd 33.522 bio.15.sd. BIOCLIM: Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=183 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 2.291 min 0 max 25.899 sd 2.932 bio.15.flag. BIOCLIM: Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 5 bio.16. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Wettest Quarter (mm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=178 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 598.748 min 0 max 1830 sd 373.774 bio.16.sd. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Wettest Quarter (mm) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=185 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 38.063 min 0 max 439.725 sd 58.611 bio.16.flag. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Wettest Quarter (mm) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 5 bio.17. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Driest Quarter (mm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=133 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 154.008 min 0 max 1139 sd 203.601 bio.17.sd. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Driest Quarter (mm) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=175 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 10.694 min 0 max 128.106 sd 16.789 bio.17.flag. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Driest Quarter (mm) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 5 bio.18. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (mm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=165 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 369.856 min 0 max 1718 sd 306.629 bio.18.sd. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (mm) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=182 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 31.383 min 0 max 389.012 sd 46.345 bio.18.flag. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (mm) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 6.30102999566398 bio.19. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Coldest Quarter (mm) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=153 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 288.803 min 0 max 1491 sd 318.398 bio.19.sd. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Coldest Quarter (mm) { standard deviation within 20km radius } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=182 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 26.863 min 0 max 245.885 sd 40.866 bio.19.flag. BIOCLIM: Precipitation of Coldest Quarter (mm) { flag for data quality, higher values poorer accuracy } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 3 1 6.30102999566398 ============================================================ SOURCE: Imhoff, M. L., & Bounoua, L. (2006). Exploring Global Patterns of Net Primary Production Carbon Supply and Demand Using Satellite Observations and Statistical Data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111(D22S12). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007377 Data: Imhoff, M. L., Bounoua, L., Ricketts, T., Loucks, C., Harriss, R., & Lawrence, W. T. (2004, 20141127). HANPP Collection: Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity as a Percentage of Net Primary Productivity. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4W66HPJ ----------------------------------------------------------- mnnpp. Mean Net Primary Production within 50 km radius. (scaled) (Imhoff et al. 2004) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean -0.037 min -1.306 max 2.29 sd 1.023 ============================================================ SOURCE: rectified by E. Anthon Eff ----------------------------------------------------------- long. Longitude (decimal degrees)--rectified Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=183 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 14.446 min -172.441 max 179.495 sd 92.468 lati. Latitude (decimal degrees)--rectified Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=171 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 14.667 min -55.427 max 68.7 sd 25.101 ============================================================ SOURCE: Olson, D. M, et al. 2001. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth. BioScience 51:933-938 (assigned by E. Anthon Eff) ----------------------------------------------------------- ecoregion. WWF ecoregion. (Olson et al. 2001) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=155 First six non-missing records: society ecoregion Nama Kalahari Xeric Savanna Kung Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea Woodland Thonga Maputaland Coastal Forest Lozi Zambezian Flooded Grassland Mbundu Angolan Miombo Woodland Suku Southern Congolian Forest-Savanna Mosaic mht.name. WWF major habitat type. (Olson et al. 2001) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=15 Freq Value Description 8 Boreal forest/taigas Boreal forest/taigas 15 Deserts and xeric shrublands Deserts and xeric shrublands 1 Flooded grasslands Flooded grasslands 3 Mediterranean scrub Mediterranean scrub 4 Montane grasslands Montane grasslands 2 Snow, ice, glaciers, and rock Snow, ice, glaciers, and rock 13 Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests 15 Temperate coniferous forests Temperate coniferous forests 8 Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 2 Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests 11 Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests 32 Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 66 Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests 4 Tundra Tundra 2 Water Water ============================================================ SOURCE: Kottek, M., et al. 2006. World Map of the Koeppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263. DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. (assigned by E. Anthon Eff) ----------------------------------------------------------- koeppengei. Koeppen-Geiger climate classification code. (Kottek et al. 2006) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=22 Freq Value Description 37 Af Equatorial: fully humid 12 Am Equatorial: monsoonal 1 As Equatorial: summer dry 38 Aw Equatorial: winter dry 10 BSh Arid: steppe; hot 8 BSk Arid: steppe; cold 11 BWh Arid: desert; hot 1 BWk Arid: desert; cold 9 Cfa Warm Temperate: fully humid; hot summer 8 Cfb Warm Temperate: fully humid; warm summer 1 Cfc Warm Temperate: fully humid; cool summer 3 Csa Warm Temperate: summer dry; hot summer 5 Csb Warm Temperate: summer dry; warm summer 6 Cwa Warm Temperate: winter dry; hot summer 5 Cwb Warm Temperate: winter dry; warm summer 3 Dfa Snow: fully humid; hot summer 7 Dfb Snow: fully humid; warm summer 11 Dfc Snow: fully humid; cool summer 1 Dsc Snow: summer dry; cool summer 1 Dwa Snow: winter dry; hot summer 1 Dwb Snow: winter dry; warm summer 7 ET Polar: tundra koepdesc. Koeppen-Geiger code description. (Kottek et al. 2006) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=22 Freq Value Description 1 Arid: desert; cold Arid: desert; cold 11 Arid: desert; hot Arid: desert; hot 8 Arid: steppe; cold Arid: steppe; cold 10 Arid: steppe; hot Arid: steppe; hot 37 Equatorial: fully humid Equatorial: fully humid 12 Equatorial: monsoonal Equatorial: monsoonal 1 Equatorial: summer dry Equatorial: summer dry 38 Equatorial: winter dry Equatorial: winter dry 7 Polar: tundra Polar: tundra 11 Snow: fully humid; cool summer Snow: fully humid; cool summer 3 Snow: fully humid; hot summer Snow: fully humid; hot summer 7 Snow: fully humid; warm summer Snow: fully humid; warm summer 1 Snow: summer dry; cool summer Snow: summer dry; cool summer 1 Snow: winter dry; hot summer Snow: winter dry; hot summer 1 Snow: winter dry; warm summer Snow: winter dry; warm summer 1 Warm Temperate: fully humid; cool summer Warm Temperate: fully humid; cool summer 9 Warm Temperate: fully humid; hot summer Warm Temperate: fully humid; hot summer 8 Warm Temperate: fully humid; warm summer Warm Temperate: fully humid; warm summer 3 Warm Temperate: summer dry; hot summer Warm Temperate: summer dry; hot summer 5 Warm Temperate: summer dry; warm summer Warm Temperate: summer dry; warm summer 6 Warm Temperate: winter dry; hot summer Warm Temperate: winter dry; hot summer 5 Warm Temperate: winter dry; warm summer Warm Temperate: winter dry; warm summer ============================================================ SOURCE: data from http://www.gadm.org/ (assigned by E. Anthon Eff) ----------------------------------------------------------- iso. ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country codes (GADM-2 data from http://www.gadm.org/) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=90 First six non-missing records: society iso Nama NAM Kung NAM Thonga MOZ Lozi ZMB Mbundu AGO Suku COD name.0. Name of Country (GADM-2 data from http://www.gadm.org/) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=90 First six non-missing records: society name.0 Nama Namibia Kung Namibia Thonga Mozambique Lozi Zambia Mbundu Angola Suku Democratic Republic of the Congo name.1. Name of first subnational administrative level (GADM-2 data from http://www.gadm.org/) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=169; Number of unique values=150 First six non-missing records: society name.1 Nama Hardap Kung Otjozondjupa Thonga Maputo Lozi Western Mbundu Huambo Suku Bandundu hasc.1. Hierarchical administrative subdivision code--level 1 (GADM-2 data from http://www.gadm.org/) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=174; Number of unique values=158 First six non-missing records: society hasc.1 Nama NA.HA Kung NA.OD Thonga MZ.MP Lozi ZM.WE Mbundu AO.HM Suku CD.BN name.2. Name of second subnational administrative level (GADM-2 data from http://www.gadm.org/) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=156; Number of unique values=156 First six non-missing records: society name.2 Nama Rehoboth East Kung Tsumkwe Thonga Maputo Lozi Mongu Mbundu Bailundo Suku Kwango hasc.2. Hierarchical administrative subdivision code--level 2 (GADM-2 data from http://www.gadm.org/) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=124; Number of unique values=124 First six non-missing records: society hasc.2 Nama NA.HA.RE Kung NA.OD.TS Lozi ZM.WE.MO Mbundu AO.HM.BA Bemba ZM.NO.KS Nyakyusa TZ.MB.KY name.3. Name of third subnational administrative level (GADM-2 data from http://www.gadm.org/) Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=77; Number of unique values=77 First six non-missing records: society name.3 Thonga Maputo 1 Mbundu Bailundo Suku Feshi Nyakyusa Makwale Hatsa Kindiga Yaeda Chini Luguru Boma ============================================================ SOURCE: assignment by E. Anthon Eff ----------------------------------------------------------- continent. Continent Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 44 Africa Africa 52 Asia Asia 2 Australia Australia 7 Europe Europe 39 North America North America 16 Oceania Oceania 26 South America South America region. Major sub-continental geographic region Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=22 Freq Value Description 3 Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia 3 Australia/New Zealand Australia/New Zealand 2 Caribbean Caribbean 7 Central America Central America 1 Central Asia Central Asia 16 Eastern Africa Eastern Africa 8 Eastern Asia Eastern Asia 2 European Russia European Russia 9 Melanesia Melanesia 5 Micronesia Micronesia 7 Middle Africa Middle Africa 8 Northern Africa Northern Africa 30 Northern America Northern America 2 Northern Europe Northern Europe 3 Polynesia Polynesia 26 South America South America 18 Southeastern Asia Southeastern Asia 2 Southern Africa Southern Africa 13 Southern Asia Southern Asia 3 Southern Europe Southern Europe 11 Western Africa Western Africa 7 Western Asia Western Asia ============================================================ SOURCE: FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria. ----------------------------------------------------------- flag1. Data quality flag 1 { Dummy==1 where imputed values used for: "noaddprop", "gelic", "petric", "vertic" } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value 179 0 7 1 noaddprop. No additional soil properties (not gelic, petric, or vertic) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=18 Freq Value 2 0 1 5 3 10 1 15 1 30 1 40 1 66 3 70 2 75 4 80 1 84 1 85 2 86 6 90 1 92 1 93 1 94 154 100 gelic. Gelic properties refer to soils having permafrost within 200 cm from the soil surface. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value 176 0 3 4 1 10 1 20 1 34 1 70 1 90 2 100 petric. Petric properties refer to strongly cemented or indurated layer starting within 100 cm from the soil surface. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value 183 0 1 10 1 25 1 30 vertic. Vertic properties refer to cracks of more than 1 cm wide occurring in the upper part of the soil. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=15 Freq Value 164 0 1 2 1 4 1 7 4 10 1 12 2 14 1 15 3 20 1 25 2 30 1 60 1 85 2 90 1 95 flag2. Data quality flag 2 { Dummy==1 where imputed values used for: "clayheavy", "claylight", "clayloam", "loam", "loamysand", "sand", "sandyclay", "sandyclayloam", "sandyloam", "siltloam", "siltyclay", "siltyclayloam" } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value 174 0 12 1 clayheavy. Percent of soil in soil texture category 1, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value 175 0 1 3 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 12 1 20 1 25 1 50 2 70 1 100 siltyclay. Percent of soil in soil texture category 2, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value 183 0 1 5 1 15 1 70 claylight. Percent of soil in soil texture category 3, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=22 Freq Value 107 0 1 3 1 6 6 10 1 11 1 12 3 15 11 20 2 21 4 25 11 30 1 33 3 35 5 40 2 45 5 50 7 60 3 70 5 80 1 85 1 95 5 100 siltyclayloam. Percent of soil in soil texture category 4, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=9 Freq Value 176 0 1 5 1 9 1 10 1 11 1 22 3 30 1 50 1 100 clayloam. Percent of soil in soil texture category 5, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=19 Freq Value 149 0 1 3 2 5 3 10 1 11 5 20 2 21 1 24 1 25 3 30 6 40 1 44 2 50 2 60 1 70 1 75 3 80 1 85 1 90 siltloam. Percent of soil in soil texture category 7, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value 175 0 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 8 1 10 1 11 1 17 2 20 1 70 1 100 sandyclay. Percent of soil in soil texture category 8, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=10 Freq Value 176 0 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 7 2 8 1 35 1 50 1 60 1 80 loam. Percent of soil in soil texture category 9, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=26 Freq Value 62 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 8 6 10 3 15 11 20 14 30 10 40 2 45 9 50 3 55 1 56 1 59 13 60 2 65 2 66 1 67 4 70 2 75 4 80 6 90 24 100 sandyclayloam. Percent of soil in soil texture category 10, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=18 Freq Value 133 0 1 1 1 2 1 4 2 5 5 10 1 15 12 20 1 25 8 30 3 35 3 40 4 50 4 60 1 65 2 70 2 80 2 100 sandyloam. Percent of soil in soil texture category 11, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=21 Freq Value 149 0 1 8 2 10 1 11 1 15 2 20 1 25 2 30 2 34 2 35 3 40 1 45 4 50 1 55 2 60 1 65 3 70 1 80 1 89 1 90 5 100 loamysand. Percent of soil in soil texture category 12, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=16 Freq Value 164 0 2 10 1 15 1 18 1 19 2 20 3 25 1 29 1 30 2 35 2 50 1 53 1 60 2 70 1 75 1 100 sand. Percent of soil in soil texture category 13, where 1 is finest soil and 13 is the coarsest. Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=15 Freq Value 166 0 1 2 1 4 2 8 1 9 1 10 2 20 2 25 1 26 1 30 1 35 2 50 1 65 1 70 3 100 flag3. Data quality flag 3 { Dummy==1 where imputed values used for: "issoil", "t_texture", "drainage", "awc_class", "t_gravel", "t_sand", "t_silt", "t_clay", "t_usda_tex_class", "t_ref_bulk_density", "t_bulk_density", "t_oc", "t_ph_h2o", "t_cec_clay", "t_cec_soil", "t_bs", "t_teb", "t_caco3", "t_caso4", "t_esp", "t_ece", "s_gravel", "s_sand", "s_silt", "s_clay", "s_usda_tex_class", "s_ref_bulk_density", "s_bulk_density", "s_oc", "s_ph_h2o", "s_cec_clay", "s_cec_soil", "s_bs", "s_teb", "s_caco3", "s_caso4", "s_esp", "s_ece","su_symbol", "su_value" } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value 180 0 6 1 issoil. Proportion of sampled area that is soil Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value 6 0 1 0.66 3 0.9 1 0.98 175 1 t_texture. Texture of topsoil (higher values coarser texture) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=38 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 2.014 min 0 max 3 sd 0.606 drainage. Drainage of soil (higher values better drainage) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=50 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 3.421 min 0 max 6 sd 1.144 awc_class. Available Water storage Capacity (higher values less water storage capacity) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=51 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1.927 min 0 max 6.2 sd 1.366 t_gravel. Percent of topsoil consisting of gravel Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=25 Freq Value 21 0 15 1 7 2 5 3 14 4 13 5 16 6 17 7 13 8 11 9 14 10 10 11 5 12 6 13 1 14 4 15 3 16 2 17 1 18 3 19 1 20 1 22 1 26 1 27 1 31 t_sand. Percent of topsoil consisting of sand Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=58 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 39.93 min 0 max 89 sd 17.193 t_silt. Percent of topsoil consisting of silt Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=46 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 25.844 min 0 max 59 sd 10.591 t_clay. Percent of topsoil consisting of clay Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=48 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 23.925 min 0 max 71 sd 12.424 t_usda_tex_class. Measure of topsoil texture (higher values coarser texture) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=82 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 7.621 min 0 max 13 sd 2.737 t_ref_bulk_density. Bulk density = topsoil mass/topsoil volume. Calculations based on texture only. { Bulk density is inversely related to porosity. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=145 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1.35 min 0 max 1.71 sd 0.271 t_bulk_density. Bulk density = topsoil mass/topsoil volume. Calculations based on texture, organic matter content, and porosity. { Bulk density is inversely related to porosity. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=150 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1.251 min 0 max 1.55 sd 0.284 t_oc. Percentage of organic carbon in topsoil. { Organic Carbon is together with pH, the best simple indicator of the health status of the soil. Moderate to high amounts of organic carbon are associated with fertile soils with a good structure. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=169 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 2.251 min 0 max 28.865 sd 3.502 t_ph_h2o. pH of topsoil. { Low values are acidic; high values alkaline. Best soils for most crops lie in 5.5 to 7.2 range. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=143 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 5.845 min 0 max 8.29 sd 1.446 t_cec_clay. Cation exchange capacity of the clay fraction in topsoil. { The total nutrient fixing capacity of a soil is well expressed by its Cation Exchange Capacity. Soils with low CEC have little resilience and can not build up stores of nutrients. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=156 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 41.895 min 0 max 127.4 sd 24.035 t_cec_soil. Cation exchange capacity in topsoil. { The total nutrient fixing capacity of a soil is well expressed by its Cation Exchange Capacity. Soils with low CEC have little resilience and can not build up stores of nutrients. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=136 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 16.686 min 0 max 88.6 sd 12.453 t_bs. Base saturation in topsoil. { The base saturation measures the sum of exchangeable cations (nutrients) Na, Ca, Mg and K as a percentage of the overall exchange capacity of the soil (including the same cations plus H and Al). The value often shows a near linear correlation with pH. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=148 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 64.556 min 0 max 100 sd 27.587 t_teb. Total exchangable bases in topsoil. { Total exchangeable bases stand for the sum of exchangeable cations in a soil: sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K). } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=170 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 11.312 min 0 max 45.84 sd 9.135 t_caco3. Calcium carbonate (lime) content in topsoil. { Low levels of calcium carbonate enhance soil structure and are generally beneficial for crop production but at higher concentrations they may induce iron deficiency and when cemented limit the water storage capacity of soils. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=80 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1.207 min 0 max 12.09 sd 2.528 t_caso4. Calcium sulphate (gypsum) content in topsoil { Up to 2 percent gypsum in the soil favours plant growth, between 2 and 25 percent has little or no adverse effect if in powdery form, but more than 25 percent can cause substantial reduction in yields. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=34 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 0.051 min 0 max 1.71 sd 0.179 t_esp. Exchangeable sodium percentage in the topsoil { Exchangeable sodium percentage has been used to indicate levels of sodium in soils. It is calculated as the ratio of Na in the CEC (or sum of cations) ESP= Na*100/CECsoil } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=67 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 2.254 min 0 max 21.2 sd 2.492 t_ece. Electrical conductivity of topsoil { Salt content of a soil can be roughly estimated from the Electrical Conductivity of the soil (EC, expressed in dS m-1). Crops vary considerably in their resistance and response to salt in soils. Some crops will suffer at values as little as 2 dS m-1 (Spinach) others can stand up to 16 dS m-1 (Date palm). } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=53 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 0.295 min 0 max 10.665 sd 0.94 s_gravel. Percent of subsoil consisting of gravel Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=24 Freq Value 22 0 30 1 3 2 9 3 20 4 10 5 10 6 12 7 12 8 11 9 12 10 2 11 5 12 8 13 1 14 1 15 1 16 5 17 4 18 1 20 2 21 3 22 1 26 1 38 s_sand. Percent of subsoil consisting of sand Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=57 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 37.312 min 0 max 90 sd 18.212 s_silt. Percent of subsoil consisting of silt Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=46 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 23.425 min 0 max 58 sd 11.035 s_clay. Percent of subsoil consisting of clay Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=53 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 27.79 min 0 max 77 sd 14.581 s_usda_tex_class. Measure of subsoil texture (higher values coarser texture) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=87 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 5.811 min 0 max 12.7 sd 2.953 s_ref_bulk_density. Bulk density = subsoil mass/subsoil volume. Calculations based on texture only. { Bulk density is inversely related to porosity. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=156 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1.178 min 0 max 1.685 sd 0.366 s_bulk_density. Bulk density = subsoil mass/subsoil volume. Calculations based on texture, organic matter content, and porosity. { Bulk density is inversely related to porosity. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=155 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1.157 min 0 max 1.582 sd 0.387 s_oc. Percentage of organic carbon in subsoil. { Organic Carbon is together with pH, the best simple indicator of the health status of the soil. Moderate to high amounts of organic carbon are associated with fertile soils with a good structure. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=159 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1.317 min 0 max 27.529 sd 3.218 s_ph_h2o. pH of subsoil. { Low values are acidic; high values alkaline. Best soils for most crops lie in 5.5 to 7.2 range. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=140 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 5.258 min 0 max 8.81 sd 1.849 s_cec_clay. Cation exchange capacity of the clay fraction in subsoil. { The total nutrient fixing capacity of a soil is well expressed by its Cation Exchange Capacity. Soils with low CEC have little resilience and can not build up stores of nutrients. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=158 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 36.745 min 0 max 121.5 sd 26.579 s_cec_soil. Cation exchange capacity in subsoil. { The total nutrient fixing capacity of a soil is well expressed by its Cation Exchange Capacity. Soils with low CEC have little resilience and can not build up stores of nutrients. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=140 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 13.655 min 0 max 87.9 sd 11.947 s_bs. Base saturation in subsoil. { The base saturation measures the sum of exchangeable cations (nutrients) Na, Ca, Mg and K as a percentage of the overall exchange capacity of the soil (including the same cations plus H and Al). The value often shows a near linear correlation with pH. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=140 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 55.713 min 0 max 100 sd 29.915 s_teb. Total exchangable bases in subsoil. { Total exchangeable bases stand for the sum of exchangeable cations in a soil: sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K). } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=165 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 10.399 min 0 max 56.68 sd 10.744 s_caco3. Calcium carbonate (lime) content in subsoil. { Low levels of calcium carbonate enhance soil structure and are generally beneficial for crop production but at higher concentrations they may induce iron deficiency and when cemented limit the water storage capacity of soils. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=75 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1.464 min 0 max 26.89 sd 3.52 s_caso4. Calcium sulphate (gypsum) content in subsoil { Up to 2 percent gypsum in the soil favours plant growth, between 2 and 25 percent has little or no adverse effect if in powdery form, but more than 25 percent can cause substantial reduction in yields. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=39 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 0.064 min 0 max 2.62 sd 0.245 s_esp. Exchangeable sodium percentage in the subsoil { Exchangeable sodium percentage has been used to indicate levels of sodium in soils. It is calculated as the ratio of Na in the CEC (or sum of cations) ESP= Na*100/CECsoil } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=70 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 2.73 min 0 max 28.2 sd 4.216 s_ece. Electrical conductivity of subsoil { Salt content of a soil can be roughly estimated from the Electrical Conductivity of the soil (EC, expressed in dS m-1). Crops vary considerably in their resistance and response to salt in soils. Some crops will suffer at values as little as 2 dS m-1 (Spinach) others can stand up to 16 dS m-1 (Date palm). } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=57 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 0.421 min 0 max 6.95 sd 1.07 su_symbol. Symbol for HWSD spatially dominant major soil group. Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=26 Freq Value Description 15 AC AC 2 AL AL 10 AN AN 9 AR AR 1 AT AT 2 CH CH 4 CL CL 22 CM CM 8 FL FL 15 FR FR 14 GL GL 1 GR GR 3 HS HS 3 KS KS 15 LP LP 10 LV LV 11 LX LX 8 NT NT 3 PH PH 6 PZ PZ 6 RG RG 3 RK RK 1 SC SC 5 SN SN 5 VR VR 4 WR WR su_value. Name of HWSD spatially dominant major soil group. Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=26 Freq Value Description 15 Acrisols Acrisols 2 Alisols Alisols 10 Andosols Andosols 1 Anthrosols Anthrosols 9 Arenosols Arenosols 4 Calcisols Calcisols 22 Cambisols Cambisols 2 Chernozems Chernozems 15 Ferralsols Ferralsols 8 Fluvisols Fluvisols 14 Gleysols Gleysols 1 Greyzems Greyzems 3 Histosols Histosols 3 Kastanozems Kastanozems 15 Leptosols Leptosols 11 Lixisols Lixisols 10 Luvisols Luvisols 8 Nitisols Nitisols 3 Phaeozems Phaeozems 6 Podzols Podzols 6 Regosols Regosols 3 RockOutcrop RockOutcrop 1 Solonchaks Solonchaks 5 Solonetz Solonetz 5 Vertisols Vertisols 4 WaterBodies WaterBodies ============================================================ SOURCE: Fischer, G., F. Nachtergaele, S. Prieler, H.T. van Velthuizen, L. Verelst, D. Wiberg, 2008. Global Agro-ecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture (GAEZ 2008). IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria and FAO, Rome, Italy. http://www.iiasa.ac.at ----------------------------------------------------------- sq1. Nutrient availability { Soil texture, soil organic carbon, soil pH, total exchangeable bases } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value 15 0 65 1 50 2 39 3 4 4 1 5 10 6 2 7 sq2. Nutrient retention capacity { Soil Organic carbon, Soil texture, base saturation, cation exchange capacity of soil and of clay fraction } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value 15 0 75 1 61 2 20 3 2 4 1 5 10 6 2 7 sq3. Rooting conditions { Soil textures, bulk density, coarse fragments, vertic soil properties and soil phases affecting root penetration and soil depth and soil volume } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value 15 0 116 1 21 2 10 3 8 4 4 5 10 6 2 7 sq4. Oxygen availability to roots { Soil drainage and soil phases affecting soil drainage } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value 15 0 127 1 14 2 10 3 6 4 2 5 10 6 2 7 sq5. Excess salts. { Soil salinity, soil sodicity and soil phases influencing salt conditions } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value 15 0 139 1 13 2 4 3 2 4 1 5 10 6 2 7 sq6. Toxicity { Calcium carbonate and gypsum } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value 15 0 152 1 3 2 1 3 2 4 1 5 10 6 2 7 sq7. Workability (constraining field management) { Soil texture, effective soil depth/volume, and soil phases constraining soil management (soil depth, rock outcrop, stoniness, gravel/concretions and hardpans) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=8 Freq Value 15 0 107 1 29 2 8 3 11 4 4 5 10 6 2 7 ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:dicgsh1. (2013, Jan 10). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 18:00, February 10, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:dicgsh1&rev=1357843759. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. dicgsh1a. Distance to the coast line in km based on GSHHS { Negative values show distance across land to coastline; Postive values show distance across water to coastline (very small islands have positive values) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=167 Stat Value nobs 186 mean -333.022 min -2247.5 max 941.5 sd 445.29 dicgsh1a.flag. Distance to the coast line in km based on GSHHS { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value 186 0 ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:etmnts3. (2013, Nov 3). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 22:23, February 10, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:etmnts3&rev=1383494293. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. etmnts2a. Long-term MODIS-estimated Evapotranspiration (MOD16) (mm/year) Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=184 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 7812.177 min 70 max 15802 sd 4787.765 etmnts2a.flag. Long-term MODIS-estimated Evapotranspiration (MOD16) (mm/year) { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 176 0 7 4 3 5 ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:g12igb3. (2013, Nov 4). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 23:11, February 10, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:g12igb3&rev=1383553116. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. g12igb3a. Land cover type 1 (IGBP) for year 2012 Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=15 Freq Value 6 0 6 1 43 2 2 4 9 5 10 7 18 8 5 9 18 10 3 11 25 12 10 13 19 14 2 15 10 16 g12igb3a.flag. Land cover type 1 (IGBP) for year 2012 { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=1 Freq Value 186 0 ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:twisre3. (2013, May 1). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 23:09, February 10, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:twisre3&rev=1367407809. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. twisre3a. SAGA GIS Topographic wetness index { Sorensen, R., Zinko, U., & Seibert, J. (2006). On the calculation of the topographic wetness index: evaluation of different methods based on field observations. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10(1), 101-112. doi:10.5194/hess-10-101-2006 } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=73 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 114.189 min 50 max 159 sd 21.354 twisre3a.flag. SAGA GIS Topographic wetness index { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value 182 0 1 3 2 4 1 999 ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:l3pobi3. (2013, Nov 4). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 03:05, February 11, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:l3pobi3&rev=1383582266. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. l3pobi3b. Physiographic landform units Level 3 (SCALA project) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 13 1 flat plains 9 2 high hills 32 3 high mountains 3 4 irregular plains 30 5 low mountains 40 6 rough low hills 59 7 smooth low hills l3pobi3b.flag. Physiographic landform units Level 3 (SCALA project) { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 183 0 2 4 1 5 l3pobi3b.navn. Physiographic landform units Level 3 (SCALA project) { names of categories } Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=7 Freq Value Description 13 flat plains flat plains 9 high hills high hills 32 high mountains high mountains 3 irregular plains irregular plains 30 low mountains low mountains 40 rough low hills rough low hills 59 smooth low hills smooth low hills ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:opisre3. (2013, May 2). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 03:08, February 11, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:opisre3&rev=1367479588. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. opisre2a. SAGA GIS Topopgraphic Openess Index { Topographic openess developed by Yokoyama R, Shirasawa M and Pike RJ, 2002, Visualizing topography by Openness: A new applicationof image processing to digital elevation models. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 68(3): 257-265. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=65 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 1545.707 min 1227 max 1572 sd 38.072 opisre2a.flag. SAGA GIS Topopgraphic Openess Index { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 184 0 1 4 1 999 ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:geaisg3. (2013, Oct 30). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 03:45, February 11, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:geaisg3&rev=1383149038. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. geaisg3a. Geological ages based on the surface geology Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=34 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 57.941 min 1 max 92 sd 26.139 geaisg3a.flag. Geological ages based on the surface geology { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value 176 0 2 3 2 4 2 6 3 6.30102999566398 1 999 geaisg3a.navn. Geological ages based on the surface geology { names of categories } Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=34 First six non-missing records: society geaisg3a.navn Nama Quaternary Kung Cenozoic Thonga Holocene Lozi Quaternary Mbundu Quaternary Suku Cenozoic ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:glcjrc3. (2012, Aug 21). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 03:47, February 11, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:glcjrc3&rev=1345532060. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. glcjrc3a. Global Land Cover map for the year 2000 (GLC2000) Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=20 Freq Value Description 35 1 No data 6 2 Tree Cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed 4 3 Tree Cover, broadleaved, deciduous, open 8 4 Tree Cover, needle-leaved, evergreen 1 5 Tree Cover, needle-leaved, deciduous 3 6 Tree Cover, mixed leaf type 4 7 Tree Cover, regularly flooded, fresh water 4 9 Mosaic: Tree Cover / Other natural vegetation 5 11 Shrub Cover, closed-open, evergreen 17 12 Shrub Cover, closed-open, deciduous 13 13 Herbaceous Cover, closed-open 17 14 Sparse herbaceous or sparse shrub cover 2 15 Regularly flooded shrub and/or herbaceous cover 24 16 Cultivated and managed areas 10 17 Mosaic: Cropland / Tree Cover / Other natural vege 8 18 Mosaic: Cropland / Shrub and/or grass cover 8 19 Bare Areas 12 20 Water Bodies 2 21 Snow and Ice 3 22 Artificial surfaces and associated areas glcjrc3a.flag. Global Land Cover map for the year 2000 (GLC2000) { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 183 0 2 4 1 999 glcjrc3a.navn. Global Land Cover map for the year 2000 (GLC2000) { names of categories } Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=20 Freq Value Description 3 Artificial surfaces and associated areas Artificial surfaces and associated areas 8 Bare Areas Bare Areas 24 Cultivated and managed areas Cultivated and managed areas 13 Herbaceous Cover, closed-open Herbaceous Cover, closed-open 8 Mosaic: Cropland / Shrub and/or grass cover Mosaic: Cropland / Shrub and/or grass cover 10 Mosaic: Cropland / Tree Cover / Other natural vege Mosaic: Cropland / Tree Cover / Other natural vege 4 Mosaic: Tree Cover / Other natural vegetation Mosaic: Tree Cover / Other natural vegetation 35 No data No data 2 Regularly flooded shrub and/or herbaceous cover Regularly flooded shrub and/or herbaceous cover 17 Shrub Cover, closed-open, deciduous Shrub Cover, closed-open, deciduous 5 Shrub Cover, closed-open, evergreen Shrub Cover, closed-open, evergreen 2 Snow and Ice Snow and Ice 17 Sparse herbaceous or sparse shrub cover Sparse herbaceous or sparse shrub cover 6 Tree Cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed Tree Cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed 4 Tree Cover, broadleaved, deciduous, open Tree Cover, broadleaved, deciduous, open 3 Tree Cover, mixed leaf type Tree Cover, mixed leaf type 1 Tree Cover, needle-leaved, deciduous Tree Cover, needle-leaved, deciduous 8 Tree Cover, needle-leaved, evergreen Tree Cover, needle-leaved, evergreen 4 Tree Cover, regularly flooded, fresh water Tree Cover, regularly flooded, fresh water 12 Water Bodies Water Bodies ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:inmsre3. (2013, Jan 22). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 03:50, February 11, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:inmsre3&rev=1358848418. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. inmsre3a. Mean potential incoming solar radiation (8-day average) derived in SAGA GIS Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=18 Freq Value 2 29 1 30 4 31 4 32 28 33 66 34 26 35 20 36 1 36.1 14 37 8 38 3 39 2 40 2 42 2 43 1 44 1 45 1 53 inmsre3a.flag. Mean potential incoming solar radiation (8-day average) derived in SAGA GIS { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value 181 0 2 3 2 4 1 999 ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:inssre3. (2013, Jan 22). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 03:50, February 11, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:inssre3&rev=1358848394. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. inssre2a. Standard deviation of the potential incoming solar radiation derived in SAGA GIS Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=178 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 21.302 min 18.555 max 29.027 sd 1.102 inssre2a.flag. Standard deviation of the potential incoming solar radiation derived in SAGA GIS { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value 181 0 3 4 1 5 1 999 ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:evmmod3. (2012, Aug 29). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 04:00, February 11, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:evmmod3&rev=1346248114. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. evmmod2a. Mean value of the monthly MODIS EVI time series data { Enhanced Vegetation Index: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/modis_products_table/mod13q1 } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 3103.205 min -663 max 7083 sd 1637.761 evmmod2a.flag. Mean value of the monthly MODIS EVI time series data { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=2 Freq Value 185 0 1 999 ============================================================ SOURCE: wiki:lammod3. (2012, Nov 18). In WorldGrids. Retrieved 04:04, February 11, 2014, from http://worldgrids.org/doku.php?id=wiki:lammod3&rev=1353239241. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and descriptions obtained from http://worldgrids.org. Resolution 1 km gridcell. lammod3a. Mean value of the monthly MODIS EVI time series data { Leaf Area Index: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/modis_products_table/mod15a2 } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=50 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 16.919 min 1 max 56 sd 15.06 lammod3a.flag. Mean value of the monthly MODIS EVI time series data { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value 155 0 5 1 10 3 12 4 4 5 ============================================================ SOURCE: (1) Climate Research Unit, Univ. of East Anglia. Available at http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~markn/cru05/cru05_intro.html. (2) New, M.G., M. Hulme and P.D. Jones, 1999: Representing 20th century space-time climate variability. I: Development of a 1961-1990 mean monthly terrestrial climatology. J. Climate. 12, 829-856. ----------------------------------------------------------- anntotprecip. Average Annual Total Precipitation { The total amount of precipitation that falls during an average year (1960 to 1990) in units of millimeters (mm3 per year / mm2 = mm / year). } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=11 Freq Value 39 0 24 1 27 2 34 3 17 4 9 5 11 6 7 7 10 8 6 9 2 10 anntotprecip.flag. Average Annual Total Precipitation { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 181 0 4 5 1 6 avgannrh. Average Annual Relative Humidity { Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the actual vapor pressure of water vapor to the saturation vapor pressure of water, in other words how much water is in the air divided by the most water that could possibly be there. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=50 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 69.355 min 3 max 97 sd 16.073 avgannrh.flag. Average Annual Relative Humidity { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value 182 0 2 4 1 5 1 6 avgannrunoff. The total volume of water running over the surface in a year-averaged over the gridcell. { the volume of water running over this gridcell divided by the area of the gridcell itself (mm3 per year / mm2 over 1 yr = mm/yr) } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=140 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 532.843 min 0 max 2654 sd 578.194 avgannrunoff.flag. The total volume of water running over the surface in a year-averaged over the gridcell. { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value 162 0 8 5 10 6 4 6.30102999566398 2 999 ============================================================ SOURCE: Willmott, Cort J., and Matsuura Kenji (2001): Terrestrial Water Budget Data Archive: Monthly Time Series (1950-1999). Available: http://climate.geog.udel.edu/~climate/html_pages/README.wb_ts2.html. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and variable descriptions are downloaded from the Atlas of the Biosphere, a product of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), part of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (http://www.sage.wisc.edu/atlas/). Resolution is 30 arc minutes. evapotrans. Evapotranspiration { The amount of water removed from the surface through evaporation (due to temperature, humidity, radiation...) and through transpiration (the process by which plants move water up from their roots and out through their leaves). Evapotranspiration can be used to estimate the amount of water the local vegetation needs to remain in equilibrium with the ground water supply. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=181 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 65.802 min 0.272 max 148.116 sd 35.631 evapotrans.flag. Evapotranspiration { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value 161 0 15 5 5 6 5 6.30102999566398 ============================================================ SOURCE: (1) Climate Research Unit, Univ. of East Anglia. Available at http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~markn/cru05/cru05_intro.html. (2) New, M.G., M. Hulme and P.D. Jones, 1999: Representing 20th century space-time climate variability. I: Development of a 1961-1990 mean monthly terrestrial climatology. J. Climate. 12, 829-856. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and variable descriptions are downloaded from the Atlas of the Biosphere, a product of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), part of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (http://www.sage.wisc.edu/atlas/). Resolution is 30 arc minutes. gdd. Growing Degree Days { The Growing Degree Day (GDD) is based on the fact that if temperature is too hot or cold, plant growth will slow. GDD is calculated for a range specific to a particular plant or suite of plants. Taking corn as an example, it grows with a minimum temperature of 10?C and a maximum temperature of 30?C. So if one day the maximum temperature is 21?C and the minimum temperature is 15?C, the average temperature of that day was 18?C. To determine how many GDD were in that day, simply subtract the base temperature from the average temperature (18?C-10?C) remembering that this all happened on one day. Thus for this example, there were 8 GDD accumulated by the corn during that day. Had the base temperature been 5?C, there would have been 13 GDD accumulated. Annual GDD is the average number of GDD accumulated in a particular area under normal climatic conditions. In this dataset, a base temperature of 5?C was used to compute monthly GDD and those monthly values were then totaled to yield an annual number. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=183 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 5326.113 min 59 max 8666 sd 2659.05 gdd.flag. Growing Degree Days { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=3 Freq Value 181 0 4 5 1 6 ============================================================ SOURCE: (1) Foley, J.A., I.C. Prentice, N. Ramankutty, S. Levis, D. Pollard, S. Sitch, and A. Haxeltine (1996) An Integrated Biosphere Model of Land Surface Processes, Terrestrial Carbon Balance and Vegetation Dynamics, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10, 603-628. (2) Kucharik, C.J., J.A. Foley, C. Delire, V.A. Fisher, M.T. Coe, J. Lenters, C. Young-Molling, N. Ramankutty, J.M. Norman, and S.T. Gower (2000): Testing the performance of a dynamic global ecosystem model: Water balance, carbon balance and vegetation structure. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14(3), 795-825. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and variable descriptions are downloaded from the Atlas of the Biosphere, a product of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), part of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (http://www.sage.wisc.edu/atlas/). Resolution is 30 arc minutes. npp. Net Primary Productivity { NPP is calculated by taking the gross primary productivity (the total amount of energy/mass taken in by the plant) and subtracting the plant's respiration (the total amount of energy/mass lost by the plant as it breathes). NPP is measured in units of kg-Carbon per square meter per year, or the net amount of carbon the plants in an average square meter of the gridcell take up during an average year. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=172 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 0.6 min 0 max 1.27 sd 0.334 npp.flag. Net Primary Productivity { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value 151 0 2 1 8 5 15 6 5 6.30102999566398 5 999 ============================================================ SOURCE: Willmott, Cort J., and Matsuura Kenji (2001): Terrestrial Water Budget Data Archive: Monthly Time Series (1950-1999). Available: http://climate.geog.udel.edu/~climate/html_pages/README.wb_ts2.html. ----------------------------------------------------------- pevapotrans. Potential evapotranspiration { The amount of water that would be removed from the surface by evaporation and transpiration, if the amount of water already present were not a limiting factor. In other words, the potential evapotranspiration over the Sahara desert is very large because the amount of evaporation that could take place there is huge. However, because there isn't any water there to be evaporated, the evapotranspiration that actually takes place is quite small. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=181 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 88.581 min 24.107 max 153.58 sd 36.018 pevapotrans.flag. Potential evapotranspiration { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value 161 0 15 5 5 6 5 6.30102999566398 ============================================================ SOURCE: Ramankutty, N., and J.A. Foley (1999). Estimating historical changes in land cover: North American croplands from 1850 to 1992. Global Ecology and Biogeography 8, 381-396. ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and variable descriptions are downloaded from the Atlas of the Biosphere, a product of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), part of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (http://www.sage.wisc.edu/atlas/). Resolution is 30 arc minutes. potentialveg. Potential Vegetation { Potential vegetation is the vegetation that would exist at a given location had human forms of land use never existed. In other words, if humans weren't around, this would be an accurate description of the planet's land cover. } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=14 Freq Value Description 60 1 Tropical Evergreen Forest/Woodland 7 2 Tropical Deciduous Forest/Woodland 2 3 Temperate Broadleaf Evergreen Forest/Woodland 7 4 Temperate Needleleaf Evergreen Forest/Woodland 7 5 Temperate Deciduous Forest/Woodland 5 6 Boreal Evergreen Forest/Woodland 16 8 Mixed Forest 35 9 Savanna 17 10 Grassland/Steppe 4 11 Dense Shrubland 14 12 Open Shrubland 5 13 Tundra 6 14 Desert 1 15 Polar desert/Rock/Ice potentialveg.flag. Potential Vegetation { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=6 Freq Value 164 0 6 4 2 5 5 6 6 6.30102999566398 3 999 potentialveg.navn. Potential Vegetation { names of categories } Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=14 Freq Value Description 5 Boreal Evergreen Forest/Woodland Boreal Evergreen Forest/Woodland 4 Dense Shrubland Dense Shrubland 6 Desert Desert 17 Grassland/Steppe Grassland/Steppe 16 Mixed Forest Mixed Forest 14 Open Shrubland Open Shrubland 1 Polar desert/Rock/Ice Polar desert/Rock/Ice 35 Savanna Savanna 2 Temperate Broadleaf Evergreen Forest/Woodland Temperate Broadleaf Evergreen Forest/Woodland 7 Temperate Deciduous Forest/Woodland Temperate Deciduous Forest/Woodland 7 Temperate Needleleaf Evergreen Forest/Woodland Temperate Needleleaf Evergreen Forest/Woodland 7 Tropical Deciduous Forest/Woodland Tropical Deciduous Forest/Woodland 60 Tropical Evergreen Forest/Woodland Tropical Evergreen Forest/Woodland 5 Tundra Tundra ============================================================ SOURCE: Willmott, Cort J., and Matsuura Kenji (2001): Terrestrial Water Budget Data Archive: Monthly Time Series (1950-1999). Available: http://climate.geog.udel.edu/~climate/html_pages/README.wb_ts2.html. ----------------------------------------------------------- snowdepth. Snow depth { The average annual snow depth--natural log scale, range is from 10^-20mm (trace) to 10^10mm (greater than a kilometer). } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=63 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 8.456 min 0 max 404.968 sd 34.07 snowdepth.flag. Snow depth { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value 161 0 3 5 2 6 20 999 soilmoisture. Soil Moisture { The average amount of water in the soil } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=180 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 78.827 min 0.1 max 150 sd 44.713 soilmoisture.flag. Soil Moisture { data quality flag--higher numbers are less accurate } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=4 Freq Value 161 0 15 5 5 6 5 6.30102999566398 ============================================================ SOURCE: Ramankutty, N., Foley, J. A., Norman, J., & McSweeney, K. (2002). The global distribution of cultivable lands: current patterns and sensitivity to possible climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 11(5), 377?392. doi:10.1046/j.1466-822x.2002.00294.x ----------------------------------------------------------- Grids and variable descriptions are downloaded from the Atlas of the Biosphere, a product of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), part of the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (http://www.sage.wisc.edu/atlas/). Resolution is 30 arc minutes. suit. Suitability for agriculture { The fraction of each grid cell that is suitable to be used for agriculture. It is based on the temperature and soil conditions of each grid cell. } Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=154 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 0.374 min 0 max 0.997 sd 0.325 suit.flag. Suitability for agriculture Class=numeric; Type=ordinal; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=5 Freq Value 161 0 4 5 11 6 6 6.30102999566398 4 999 ============================================================ SOURCE: assignment by E. Anthon Eff ----------------------------------------------------------- eaid. Ethnographic Atlas ID number, if society is in the EA Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 358.699 min 1 max 1267 sd 365.274 lrbid. Binford foragers ID number, if society is in the LRB Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=37; Number of unique values=37 Stat Value nobs 37 mean 157.243 min 9 max 330 sd 109.068 sccsid. Standard Cross Cultural Sample ID number, if society is in the SCCS Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 93.5 min 1 max 186 sd 53.838 wnaiid. Western North American Indian ID number, if society is in the WNAI Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=12; Number of unique values=12 Freq Value 1 4 1 11 1 23 1 36 1 64 1 76 1 106 1 112 1 136 1 146 1 152 1 160 174 NA xcid. XC ID number, if society is in the XC Class=numeric; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 Stat Value nobs 186 mean 255.059 min 2 max 371 sd 89.075 ============================================================ SOURCE: Murdock, G. P. (1981). Atlas of world cultures. University of Pittsburgh Press ----------------------------------------------------------- awc. Atlas of World Cultures ID number { assignments by Doug White } Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=174; Number of unique values=174 First six non-missing records: society awc Nama A01a Kung A02a Thonga A03a Lozi A03f Mbundu A04a Suku A05a ============================================================ SOURCE: Murdock, G. P, and D. R White. 1969. Standard Cross-cultural Sample. Ethnology 8 (4): 329-369. ----------------------------------------------------------- society. Ethnographic Atlas society name Class=character; Type=categorical; Number non-missing=186; Number of unique values=186 First six non-missing records: society society.1 Nama Nama Kung Kung Thonga Thonga Lozi Lozi Mbundu Mbundu Suku Suku