Chronology: Burke & American History
Burke	American & European History
1897 Kenneth Duva Burke born 05 May in Pittsburgh, PA	1900 • H. Bergson, Le Rire • E. Husserl, Logical Investigations • S. Freud, Die Traumdeutung (The Interpretation of Dreams) • F. Nietzsche dies 1902 A. Gide, L’Immoraliste 1905 Einstein publishes theories of relativity, space-time continuum, and mass and energy conversion (E=mc2) 1909 W. James, Pragmatism 1913-28 - M. Proust, À la recherche du temps purdu 03 Aug 1914 Germany declares war on France
1916 Attends Ohio State University for a semester, studies with Ludwig Lewisohn, who introduces KB to works of T. Mann. Also begins to read Freud.	1916 • F. de Saussure's lectures published as Course de linguistique générale • J. Joyce, Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man 07 Nov 1917 Lenin and Bolsheviks accede to power
1918	11 Nov 1918 Germany signs armistice
1920 “Mrs. Maecenas,” first fiction published in The Dial	1920 • 26 Aug - 19th Amendment ratified, giving the vote to women • S. Lewis, Main Street • S. Freud, Jensuits des Lustprinzips (Beyond the Pleasure Principle)
1921 • “Approaches to Remy de Gourmont,” first critical piece published in The Dial • Trans. of T. Mann’s “Loulou” published in The Dial	1921 • Oct - Mussolini appointed premier of Italy • S. Freud, Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse (Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego) • L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
1922 • “First Pastoral” in Secession • “Portrait of an Arrived Critic”in The Dial • “The Correspondence of Flaubert” in The Dial	1922 • T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land” published in The Dial (first publication) • J. Joyce, Ulysses
1923	1923 • G. Santayana, Skepticism and Animal Faith • M. Mauss, Essai sur le don (The Gift)
1924 • White Oxen published (Boni) • “Notes on Walter Pater” in 1924 • Trans. of T. Mann’s Death in Venice in The Dial	1924 A. Breton, "First Manifesto of Surrealism"
1925 • “The Poetic Process” • “Psychology and Form”	1925 • J. Dewey, Experience and Nature
1926	1926 • F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby • E. Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises
1927	1927 • Stalin succeeds Lenin • 23 Aug - Sacco and Vanzetti executed • M. Heidegger, Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) • W. Heisenberg introduces “principle of indeterminacy” to physics
1928 • “First Declamation” in The Dial	1928 • Final issue of La revolution surréaliste, including “Second manifeste du surréalisme” (Breton)
1929 • Jan - Dial Award • Jul - The Dial stops publication • Begins work for Bureau of Social Hygiene	1929 • 29 Oct - Stock Market crash triggers world-wide depression
1930 • “The Allies of Humanism Abroad” • “Thomas Mann and André Gide”	1930
1931 Counter-Statement published (Harcourt, Brace & Co.)	1931 • K. Jaspers, Die geistige Siuation der Zeit
1932 Towards a Better Life published (Harcourt, Brace & Co.)	1932 • 08 Nov - Roosevelt defeats Hoover for the Presidency
1933 • Marries Elizabeth Batterham • “The Nature of Art under Capitalism,” The Nation • “War, Response, and Contradiction,” The Symposium • “Poets All” review of C. K. Ogden, Bentham’s Theory of Fiction	1933 • 30 Jan - Hitler appointed chancellor of Germany • 09 Mar-16 Jun - Roosevelt and Congress legislate “New Deal” policies
1934 • “On Interpretation” The Plowshare (Part I of Permanence and Change	1934 • 06 Feb - Extreme right-wing groups (Action Française and Croix de Feu) stage bloody demonstrations at the Place de la Concorde, forcing the resignation of Prémier Édouard Daladier • 12 Feb - French Socialists and Communists respond to right-wing by calling for a strike, evidencing a united working class movement. • 27 Jul - French Socialists and Communists sign “united front” pact against fascism • E. Husserl, Cartesian Meditations
1935 • 26 Apr - “Revolutionary Symbolism in America” delivered at the American Writers’ Congress • Permanence and Change published (New Republic Press) • “Antony in Behalf of the Play” (Southern Review)	1935 W. Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom!
1936 • “Cautious Enlightenment,” review of R. P. Blackmur’s The Double Agent • “Property as an Absolute,” review of Who Owns America, ed. H. Agar & A. Tate • “Symbolic War,” review of G. Hicks’s Proletarian Literture in the United States • “William James: Superlative Master of the Comparative,” review of Ralph Barton Perry’s The Thought and Charater of William James (incorporated into the opening section of Attitudes Toward History)	1936 • Jul 16 - Franco's attack in Spanish Moracco marks beginning of Spanish Civil War
1937 • Attitudes toward History (New Republic Press) • Trans. of T. Mann's “Humanism and Europe,” New Republic	1937
1938 • “Literature as Equipment for Living,” Direction • “The Virtues and Limitations of Debunking,” Southern Review • “Semantic and Poetic Meaning,” Southern Review	1938 • 26 May - House Un-American Activities Committee created • 29 Sep - Munich Accord W. Faulkner, Light in August
1939 • “The Rhetoric of Hitler’s Battle,” Southern Review • “Freud and the Analysis of Poetry”	1939 • 28 Mar - Franco overruns Madrid and takes control of Spain • 01 Sep - Germany invades Poland J. Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath
1940 “Surrealism”	1940
1941 • Philosophy of Literary Form (Louisiana St Univ Press) • “Four Master Tropes” (Kenyon Review)	1941 • 07 Dec - Pearl Harbor
1942	1942
1943 Accepts part-time position at Bennington College, where he would teach until 1961	1943
1944	1944
1945 A Grammar of Motives (Prentice-Hall)	1945
1946	1946

Chronology: Burke & American History